Emergence and Characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Variant: Global Prevalence and Implications for Public Health

Abstract

The relentless evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a formidable challenge to global public health, thus prompting significant concern among health authorities due to emergent strains. One such “variant of interest” (VOI) recently identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) is JN.1, a distinct sub-lineage stemming from the BA.2.86 variant. Noteworthy mutations, including R3821K in ORF1a, L455S in the spike protein, and F19L in ORF7b, characterize JN.1*, the prevalence of which is steadily surging worldwide, signaling a remarkable competitive advantage. While differing from its parent variant, BA.2.86, in terms of infectivity and immune evasion, current evidence does not support heightened pathogenicity associated with JN.1*; however, the augmented immune evasion capabilities raise concerns about potential waves of infections, particularly among individuals previously exposed to earlier variants. Indeed, existing vaccines may offer limited protection against JN.1* due to its distinct immunological profile. Consequently, a shift toward non-immunologic protective measures may become imperative to effectively curb transmission. As JN.1* gains prominence, understanding its unique characteristics and adapting public health strategies accordingly are paramount in mitigating the impact on global health.