1. US DHHS. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2010. Washington DC: Government Printing Office; 2000.
2. Actual Causes of Death in the United States, 2000;Mokdad;J Am Med Assoc,2004
3. Differences in mortality and longevity by sex, smoking habits and health status;Lew;Trans Soc Actuaries,1987
4. CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 1995–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51(14):300–3.
5. Effect of cigarette tax increase on cigarette consumption in Taiwan;Lee;Tob Control,2005