1. The sources of the statistics in the charts come from mostly printed but scattered materials consulted in the libraries of UCLA, Yale, LSE, Institute of Criminology (Cambridge), Swiss Federal Statistical Office, British Home Office, Dutch Ministry of the Interior, Max Planck Institute (Freiburg), and more. Of primary importance were the sometimes long runs of prison statistics contained in the statistical yearbooks of nearly twenty countries and about 80 sub-national states in those countries. Current statistics are available also in the Council of Europe, Annual Penal Statistics. Invaluable is the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics. Several volumes of the Criminal Justice annual published by the University of Chicago Press have been devoted to comparative penal politics.
2. Violence;Balvig,2009
3. The Unheavenly City;Banfield,1974
4. The roots of punitiveness in a democracy;Blumstein;Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention,2007
5. Contrasts in Tolerance: Post-war Penal Policy in the Netherlands and England and Wales;Downes,1992