1. Surgery before the days of anesthesia;Ashhurst,1897
2. Bell WJ. Medicine in Boston and Philadelphia: comparisons and contrasts, 1750-1820. In: Cash P, Christianson EH, Estes JW, editors. Medicine in Colonial Massachusetts 1620-1820. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts; 1978. p. 159-83.
3. Anesthesia and the end of good pain;Glucklich,2001
4. The greatest benefit to mankind;Porter,1998
5. The culture of pain;Morris,1991