1. Particle creation by black holes
2. Hawking radiation, the Stefan–Boltzmann law, and unitarization
3. See [2] and references therein.
4. Short on the lengthscale rH set by the horizon radius of the evaporating black hole.
5. It should be emphasized that the black-hole Hawking radiation spectrum is not identical to that of a perfect blackbody emitter. In particular, the low frequency part of the black-hole emission spectrum is blocked by the effective curvature potential which characterizes the exterior black-hole spacetime.