1. Treatment of irregularity of the permanent or adult teeth;Angle;Dent. Cosmos,1860
2. Separation of the superior maxilla at the symphysis;Goddard;Dent. Cosmos,1893
3. Expansion of the dental arch;Case;Dent. Rev.,1892
4. Spreading the maxillae vs. spreading the arch;Ottolengui;Dent. Items Interest,1904
5. Changes in the nose after widening the palatal arch;Dean;J. A. M. A.,1909