Capacity of Epstein–Barr virus to infect monocytes and inhibit their development into dendritic cells is affected by the cell type supporting virus replication

Abstract

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus that is involved in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of malignant and non-malignant diseases. Strong evidence implicates T lymphocytes in the control of EBV replication and tumorigenesis, but cellular components of the innate immune system are poorly characterized in terms of their function in the development of EBV-specific immunity or interaction with the virus. This study demonstrates that EBV virions produced in epithelial cells surpass their B cell-derived counterparts in the capacity to enter monocytes and inhibit their development into dendritic cells (DCs). Different ratios of the gp42 and gH glycoproteins in the envelope of virions that were derived from major histocompatibility complex class II-positive or -negative cells accounted primarily for the differences in EBV tropism. EBV is shown to enter both monocytes and DCs, although the cells are susceptible to virus-induced apoptosis only if infected at early stages of DC differentiation. The purified gH/gL heterodimer binds efficiently to monocytes and DCs, but not to B cells, suggesting that high expression levels of a putative binding partner for gH contribute to virus entry. This entry takes place despite very low or undetectable expression of CD21, the canonical EBV receptor. These results indicate that the site of virus replication, either in B cells or epithelial cells, alters EBV tropism for monocytes and DCs. This results in a change in the virus's immunomodulating capacity and may have important implications for the regulation of virus–host interactions during primary and chronic EBV infection.