Metallic Copper as Dehalogenation Catalyst in the Treatment of Water and Wastewaters

Abstract

Most halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) are toxic and carcinogenic, hence unwanted in the environment. Several technologies exist for the treatment of both legacy and newly contaminated zones. In many contaminated subsurface environments, nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) as a reagent is the tool of choice, while palladium (Pd) as a catalyst faces technical challenges. A system comprising metallic copper and borohydride as a reducing agent (referred herein as copper-borohydride system, CBHS) provides an alternative to nZVI and Pd. This chapter presents a deeper understanding of the CBHS for the treatment of HOCs by highlighting the state of knowledge related to the i) type and classes of compounds that are treatable, ii) possible reaction pathways for their transformation, iii) specific metal activities for transformation of selected classes of HOCs, iv) influence of common water constituents on catalyst stability, and v) future perspectives regarding its application in water treatment applications. Furthermore, an up-to-date discussion is presented regarding the available techniques for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles. Based on the evaluation criteria including product selectivity patterns, amount and the fate of intermediates, and metal cost and stabilities in water, the most suitable application areas for Cu, Pd, and nZVI are presented as recommendations.