The importance of vitamin E in cardiovascular health

Abstract

Vitamin E (VE) is the main antioxidant of the cell membrane. Research has extensively explored the use of VE in preventing or treating diseases associated with oxidative stress in humans, with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Studies suggest a range of effects beyond its well-established antioxidant action, including anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, lipid-lowering, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective properties. Regarding the effects of VE on the prevention or treatment of CVD and cardiovascular outcomes, the studies showed conflicting results. The benefits of VE were suggested as: (1) the inverse association between increased intake of VE and the risk of stroke, (2) reduced CVD mortality rate, (3) increased glutathione and reduced C-reactive protein, malondialdehyde, LDL, and blood pressure, (4) lower risk of CVD and metabolic syndrome with higher intake of VE, and (5) lower systolic blood pressure. However, a positive association between VE supplementation and diastolic blood pressure was observed. Other adverse effects of VE supplementation have been suggested, such as an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke and a small but significant increase in the risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend VE supplementation for the prevention and treatment of CVD.