Bacterial Assisted Phytoremediation

Abstract

Bacterial assisted phytoremediation describes how bacteria, particularly those found in the rhizosphere, can assist plants known as hyperaccumulators in removing heavy metal contamination from the environment. The function of hyperaccumulation is dependent not only on the plant, but also on the interaction of plant roots with rhizosphere microbes and soil bioavailable metal concentrations. Bioremediation is the process of utilizing microorganisms, fungi, green plants, or their enzymes to repair the natural environment that has been harmed by contaminants to its original state. The best plant species for phytoremediation should be hardy, produce a lot of biomass, be resistant to the toxic effects of metals and contaminants, be unappealing to herbivores. Plant growth-promoting bacteria can encourage soil fertility and health, improve plant diseases. They promote the phytoremediation process either by reducing the toxicity of pollutants or increasing the availability of pollutants or promoting the growth of plants. Metal ions bind to the cell wall’s functional groups (amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfate, amine). The effects of stresses, which are brought on whenever changes in metabolism occur, are avoided by plants using a variety of tolerance mechanims and pathways called phytohormone. Heavy metal phytoextraction involves the following steps: Intake of heavy metals by plant roots, translocation of heavy metal ions from roots to aerial parts of plants, and sequestration and compartmentation of heavy metal ions in plant tissue. As bacterial siderophores aid in reducing the stress caused by metal contaminants. Rhizosphere acidification is a common mechanism used by plant with rhizosphere’s bacteria in dealing with low Phosphorus stress, to activate and increase the efficiency of soil Phosphorus utilization. The interaction between bacteria and plants has been found to be helpful in handling various pollutants in various exosystems.