Basal cell carcinoma

Abstract

Globally, Basal cell carcinoma is the most prevalent form of skin cancer, which originates from basal cells of the epidermis. Sun-exposed parts of the body (head, face, and neck) are mostly affected by BCC. Characteristics of BCC include local invasiveness, low potential of metastasis, and slow growth. Despite its relatively low rate of mortality, it presents a significant public health concern, as its incidence rate is continuously rising. Different factors like aging population, sun-exposure, and behavior changes in lifestyle plays an important role in increasing BCC incident rate. UV exposure remains the dominant factor, immunosuppression, environmental influences, and genetic susceptibility also play important roles in amplifying the impact of UV on the skin. Different signaling pathways are involved in BCC pathogenesis which leads to tumor formation and cell proliferation. Targeting these pathways could lead to new diagnostic tools and treatment therapies. Clinically, there are different subtypes of BCC with unique features, morphologies, and characteristics. After early detection through visual inspection, Dermascopy, biopsy, and confocal microscopy techniques are used to diagnose BCC. Available treatment options include surgical excision. Cryosurgery, Mohs micrographic surgery, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy, curettage and electrodessication therapy, and targeted molecular therapies.