Training in Paranasal Sinus Surgery: A Review of Current Modalities and What the Future May Hold

Abstract

Pathology affecting the paranasal sinuses can have a myriad of negative effects on patients who suffer from chronic symptoms which may significantly impact their quality of life. In most patients who fail medical treatment, surgical options can be explored. Endoscopic sinus surgery has become a mainstay of managing paranasal sinus disease ranging from chronic rhinositis, nasal polyposis, and sinonasal tumours. Surgery in this anatomical area can be challenging due to the proximity to important structures and adequate training is needed. Trainees especially in the UK have less exposure to relevant cases due to time constraints, service provision and a shift towards consultant led care. Traditional methods of training such as cadaveric dissection and 2D simulators are still relevant but may not be the most effective in the modern day. Other alternative methods of learning and teaching using technology such as VR, AR/MR and telemedicine may provide a shift in the way paranasal surgical education is delivered. Future work is needed to develop these tools further and to validate them as effective tools for surgical trainees.