Alterations in red blood cell parameters, plasma amino acids, total cholesterol and fatty acids in Standardbred horses undergoing fitness training

Abstract

Maintenance of metabolic homeostasis is vital to optimise the supply of nutrients to support exercise and facilitate recovery and repair processes in horses. This study assessed the effects of exercise on resting plasma homeostasis in horses upon initiation of a training program to attain fitness in preparation for competitive harness racing. Four Standardbred horses (three males and one female) that had not been in work for at least 6 months were assessed prior to the commencement of the training program and then progressively on a weekly basis for 8 weeks. Resting plasma samples were collected in the early morning prior to exercise training and feeding. Samples were analysed for amino acid composition, cholesterol, palmitic acid and stearic acid on a weekly basis, and red blood cell counts and haemoglobin were analysed at weeks 0, 4 and 8. The red cell counts and levels of haemoglobin increased progressively over the training period (P<0.05). Specific amino acids in the plasma displayed temporal variations during the training period. Glycine was the most abundant amino acid in resting horse plasma and together with serine was reduced throughout the first half of the training period, eventually returning to initial levels at weeks 7 and 8 (P<0.05). A number of amino acids were noted to increase in concentration throughout the 8 week training period including ornithine, histidine and hydroxyproline (P<0.05). Cholesterol fell to substantially lower levels after 8 weeks of exercise (P<0.05). Palmitic acid showed three ‘peaks’ of elevated concentrations in plasma (P<0.05) following the initiation of exercise and then again at the transitions into harder fast work sessions. Stearic acid was relatively constant throughout the exercise period. Adjustments in the plasma composition of these key metabolites were consistent with supporting the increased metabolic demands associated with the higher levels of exercise training.