The effect of sex and age hormonal changes on the development of heart failure

Abstract

Currently, there is an increase in the incidence of cardiac disease in the elderly. Both the morbidity and progression rate differ in different age and sex groups. Agerelated cardiovascular changes can also be associated with the influence of sex hormones both on the myocardium itself and on the signaling involved in the regulation of circulation. Estrogen affects the mechanisms of vasodilation, the relationship of hypoxia and angiogenesis, the development of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Therefore, estrogen deficiency is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. An increase in the androgen level is involved in pathophysiological mechanisms such as aging, heart failure, and vascular remodeling. Many studies have demonstrated the inverse relationship between sex hormone levels and cardiovascular risk, morbidity and mortality. However, efforts to control the natural hormonal changes show mixed results. Additional prospective studies are needed to clarify the roles of various sex hormones in initiating cardiovascular disease and cardiac failure itself, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of hormone therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease.