The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
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Published:2024-08-14
Issue:8
Volume:84
Page:
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ISSN:1434-6052
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Container-title:The European Physical Journal C
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Eur. Phys. J. C
Author:
, Acharya S.ORCID, Adamová D.ORCID, Adler A., Aglieri Rinella G.ORCID, Agnello M.ORCID, Agrawal N.ORCID, Ahammed Z.ORCID, Ahmad S.ORCID, Ahn S. U.ORCID, Ahuja I.ORCID, Akindinov A.ORCID, Al-Turany M.ORCID, Aleksandrov D.ORCID, Alessandro B.ORCID, Alfanda H. M.ORCID, Alfaro Molina R.ORCID, Ali B.ORCID, Alici A.ORCID, Alizadehvandchali N.ORCID, Alkin A.ORCID, Alme J.ORCID, Alocco G.ORCID, Alt T.ORCID, Altsybeev I.ORCID, Alvarado J. R.ORCID, Anaam M. N.ORCID, Andrei C.ORCID, Andronic A.ORCID, Anguelov V.ORCID, Antinori F.ORCID, Antonioli P.ORCID, Apadula N.ORCID, Aphecetche L.ORCID, Appelshäuser H.ORCID, Arata C.ORCID, Arcelli S.ORCID, Aresti M.ORCID, Arnaldi R.ORCID, Arsene I. C.ORCID, Arslandok M.ORCID, Augustinus A.ORCID, Averbeck R.ORCID, Azmi M. D.ORCID, Badalà A.ORCID, Bae J.ORCID, Baek Y. W.ORCID, Bai X.ORCID, Bailhache R.ORCID, Bailung Y.ORCID, Bala R.ORCID, Balbino A.ORCID, Baldisseri A.ORCID, Balis B.ORCID, Banerjee D.ORCID, Banoo Z.ORCID, Barbera R.ORCID, Barile F.ORCID, Barioglio L.ORCID, Barlou M., Barnaföldi G. G.ORCID, Barnby L. S.ORCID, Barret V.ORCID, Barreto L.ORCID, Bartels C.ORCID, Barth K.ORCID, Bartsch E.ORCID, Bastid N.ORCID, Basu S.ORCID, Batigne G.ORCID, Battistini D.ORCID, Batyunya B.ORCID, Bauri D., Bazo Alba J. L.ORCID, Bearden I. G.ORCID, Beattie C.ORCID, Becht P.ORCID, Behera D.ORCID, Belikov I.ORCID, Bell Hechavarria A. D. C.ORCID, Bellini F.ORCID, Bellwied R.ORCID, Belokurova S.ORCID, Belyaev V.ORCID, Bencedi G.ORCID, Beole S.ORCID, Bercuci A.ORCID, Berdnikov Y.ORCID, Berdnikova A.ORCID, Bergmann L.ORCID, Besoiu M. G.ORCID, Betev L.ORCID, Bhaduri P. P.ORCID, Bhasin A.ORCID, Bhat M. A.ORCID, Bhattacharjee B.ORCID, Bianchi L.ORCID, Bianchi N.ORCID, Bielčík J.ORCID, Bielčíková J.ORCID, Biernat J.ORCID, Bigot A. P.ORCID, Bilandzic A.ORCID, Biro G.ORCID, Biswas S.ORCID, Bize N.ORCID, Blair J. T.ORCID, Blau D.ORCID, Blidaru M. B.ORCID, Bluhme N., Blume C.ORCID, Boca G.ORCID, Bock F.ORCID, Bodova T.ORCID, Bogdanov A., Boi S.ORCID, Bok J.ORCID, Boldizsár L.ORCID, Bolozdynya A.ORCID, Bombara M.ORCID, Bond P. M.ORCID, Bonomi G.ORCID, Borel H.ORCID, Borissov A.ORCID, Borquez Carcamo A. G.ORCID, Bossi H.ORCID, Botta E.ORCID, Bouziani Y. E. M.ORCID, Bratrud L.ORCID, Braun-Munzinger P.ORCID, Bregant M.ORCID, Broz M.ORCID, Bruno G. E.ORCID, Buckland M. D.ORCID, Budnikov D.ORCID, Buesching H.ORCID, Bufalino S.ORCID, Bugnon O., Buhler P.ORCID, Buthelezi Z.ORCID, Bysiak S. A., Cai M.ORCID, Caines H.ORCID, Caliva A.ORCID, Calvo Villar E.ORCID, Camacho J. M. M.ORCID, Camerini P.ORCID, Canedo F. D. M.ORCID, Cantway S. L.ORCID, Carabas M.ORCID, Carballo A. A.ORCID, Carnesecchi F.ORCID, Caron R.ORCID, Carvalho L. A. D.ORCID, Castillo Castellanos J.ORCID, Castro A. J., Catalano F.ORCID, Ceballos Sanchez C.ORCID, Chakaberia I.ORCID, Chakraborty P.ORCID, Chandra S.ORCID, Chapeland S.ORCID, Chartier M.ORCID, Chattopadhyay S.ORCID, Chattopadhyay S.ORCID, Cheng T.ORCID, Cheshkov C.ORCID, Cheynis B.ORCID, Chibante Barroso V.ORCID, Chinellato D. D.ORCID, Chizzali E. S.ORCID, Cho J.ORCID, Cho S.ORCID, Chochula P.ORCID, Christakoglou P.ORCID, Christensen C. H.ORCID, Christiansen P.ORCID, Chujo T.ORCID, Ciacco M.ORCID, Cicalo C.ORCID, Cindolo F.ORCID, Ciupek M. R., Clai G., Colamaria F.ORCID, Colburn J. S., Colella D.ORCID, Colocci M.ORCID, Concas M.ORCID, Conesa Balbastre G.ORCID, Conesa del Valle Z.ORCID, Contin G.ORCID, Contreras J. G.ORCID, Coquet M. L.ORCID, Cormier T. M., Cortese P.ORCID, Cosentino M. R.ORCID, Costa F.ORCID, Costanza S.ORCID, Cot C.ORCID, Crkovská J.ORCID, Crochet P.ORCID, Cruz-Torres R.ORCID, Cuautle E., Cui P.ORCID, Dainese A.ORCID, Damas F. P. A., Danisch M. C.ORCID, Danu A.ORCID, Das D.ORCID, Das P.ORCID, Das P.ORCID, Das S.ORCID, Dash A. R.ORCID, Dash S.ORCID, De Caro A.ORCID, de Cataldo G.ORCID, de Cuveland J., De Falco A.ORCID, De Gruttola D.ORCID, De Marco N.ORCID, De Martin C.ORCID, De Pasquale S.ORCID, Deb S.ORCID, Debski R. J.ORCID, Deja K. R., Del Grande R.ORCID, Dello Stritto L.ORCID, Deng W.ORCID, Dhankher P.ORCID, Di Bari D.ORCID, Di Mauro A.ORCID, Diab B.ORCID, Diaz R. A.ORCID, Dietel T.ORCID, Ding Y.ORCID, Divià R.ORCID, Dixit D. U.ORCID, Djuvsland Ø., Dmitrieva U.ORCID, Dobrin A.ORCID, Dönigus B.ORCID, Dubinski J. M.ORCID, Dubla A.ORCID, Dudi S.ORCID, Dupieux P.ORCID, Durkac M., Dzalaiova N., Eder T. M.ORCID, Ehlers R. J.ORCID, Eikeland V. N., Eisenhut F.ORCID, Elia D.ORCID, Erazmus B.ORCID, Ercolessi F.ORCID, Erhardt F.ORCID, Ersdal M. R., Espagnon B.ORCID, Eulisse G.ORCID, Evans D.ORCID, Evdokimov S.ORCID, Fabbietti L.ORCID, Faggin M.ORCID, Faivre J.ORCID, Fan F.ORCID, Fan W.ORCID, Fantoni A.ORCID, Fasel M.ORCID, Fecchio P., Feliciello A.ORCID, Feofilov G.ORCID, Fernández Téllez A.ORCID, Ferrandi L.ORCID, Ferrer M. B.ORCID, Ferrero A.ORCID, Ferrero C.ORCID, Ferretti A.ORCID, Feuillard V. J. G.ORCID, Filova V.ORCID, Finogeev D.ORCID, Fionda F. M.ORCID, Flor F.ORCID, Flores A. N.ORCID, Foertsch S.ORCID, Fokin I.ORCID, Fokin S.ORCID, Fragiacomo E.ORCID, Frajna E.ORCID, Fuchs U.ORCID, Funicello N.ORCID, Furget C.ORCID, Furs A.ORCID, Fusayasu T.ORCID, Gaardhøje J. J.ORCID, Gagliardi M.ORCID, Gago A. M.ORCID, Gallio M.ORCID, Galvan C. D.ORCID, Gangadharan D. R.ORCID, Ganoti P.ORCID, Garabatos C.ORCID, García Chávez T.ORCID, Garcia-Solis E.ORCID, Garg K.ORCID, Gargiulo C.ORCID, Garner K., Gasik P.ORCID, Gauger E. F.ORCID, Gautam A.ORCID, Gay Ducati M. B.ORCID, Germain M.ORCID, Ghosh C., Giacalone M.ORCID, Giubellino P.ORCID, Giubilato P.ORCID, Glaenzer A. M. C.ORCID, Glässel P.ORCID, Glimos E.ORCID, Goh D. J. Q., Gonzalez V.ORCID, González-Trueba L. H.ORCID, Gorgon M.ORCID, Gotovac S., Grabski V.ORCID, Graczykowski L. K.ORCID, Grecka E.ORCID, Grelli A.ORCID, Grigoras C.ORCID, Grigoriev V.ORCID, Grigoryan S.ORCID, Grosa F.ORCID, Grosse-Oetringhaus J. F.ORCID, Grosso R.ORCID, Grund D.ORCID, Guardiano G. G.ORCID, Guernane R.ORCID, Guilbaud M.ORCID, Gulbrandsen K.ORCID, Gündem T.ORCID, Gunji T.ORCID, Guo W.ORCID, Gupta A.ORCID, Gupta R.ORCID, Gyulai L.ORCID, Habib M. K., Hadjidakis C.ORCID, Haider F. U.ORCID, Hamagaki H.ORCID, Hamdi A.ORCID, Hamid M., Han Y.ORCID, Hannigan R.ORCID, Haque M. R.ORCID, Harris J. W.ORCID, Harton A.ORCID, Hassan H.ORCID, Hatzifotiadou D.ORCID, Hauer P.ORCID, Havener L. B.ORCID, Heckel S. T.ORCID, Hellbär E.ORCID, Helstrup H.ORCID, Hemmer M.ORCID, Herman T.ORCID, Herrera Corral G.ORCID, Herrmann F., Herrmann S.ORCID, Hetland K. F.ORCID, Heybeck B.ORCID, Hillemanns H.ORCID, Hills C.ORCID, Hippolyte B.ORCID, Hofman B.ORCID, Hohlweger B.ORCID, Hong G. H.ORCID, Horst M.ORCID, Horzyk A.ORCID, Hosokawa R., Hou Y.ORCID, Hristov P.ORCID, Hughes C.ORCID, Huhn P., Huhta L. M.ORCID, Humanic T. J.ORCID, Hutson A.ORCID, Hutter D.ORCID, Iddon J. P.ORCID, Ilkaev R., Ilyas H.ORCID, Inaba M.ORCID, Innocenti G. M.ORCID, Ippolitov M.ORCID, Isakov A.ORCID, Isidori T.ORCID, Islam M. S.ORCID, Ivanov M., Ivanov M.ORCID, Ivanov V.ORCID, Jablonski M.ORCID, Jacak B.ORCID, Jacazio N.ORCID, Jacobs P. M.ORCID, Jadlovska S., Jadlovsky J., Jaelani S.ORCID, Jaffe L., Jahnke C.ORCID, Jakubowska M. J.ORCID, Janik M. A.ORCID, Janson T., Jercic M., Jia S.ORCID, Jimenez A. A. P.ORCID, Jonas F.ORCID, Jowett J. M.ORCID, Jung J.ORCID, Jung M.ORCID, Junique A.ORCID, Jusko A.ORCID, Kaewjai J., Kalinak P.ORCID, Kalteyer A. S.ORCID, Kalweit A.ORCID, Kaplin V.ORCID, Karasu Uysal A.ORCID, Karatovic D.ORCID, Karavichev O.ORCID, Karavicheva T.ORCID, Karczmarczyk P.ORCID, Karpechev E.ORCID, Karwowska M. J.ORCID, Kebschull U.ORCID, Keidel R.ORCID, Keijdener D. L. D., Keil M.ORCID, Ketzer B.ORCID, Khan A. M.ORCID, Khan S.ORCID, Khanzadeev A.ORCID, Kharlov Y.ORCID, Khatun A.ORCID, Khuntia A.ORCID, Kidson M. B., Kileng B.ORCID, Kim B.ORCID, Kim C.ORCID, Kim D. J.ORCID, Kim E. J.ORCID, Kim J.ORCID, Kim J. S.ORCID, Kim J.ORCID, Kim J.ORCID, Kim M.ORCID, Kim S.ORCID, Kim T.ORCID, Kimura K.ORCID, Kirsch S.ORCID, Kisel I.ORCID, Kiselev S.ORCID, Kisiel A.ORCID, Kitowski J. P.ORCID, Klay J. L.ORCID, Klein J.ORCID, Klein S.ORCID, Klein-Bösing C.ORCID, Kleiner M.ORCID, Klemenz T.ORCID, Kluge A.ORCID, Knospe A. G.ORCID, Kobdaj C.ORCID, Kollegger T., Kondratyev A.ORCID, Kondratyeva N.ORCID, Kondratyuk E.ORCID, Konig J.ORCID, Konigstorfer S. A.ORCID, Konopka P. J.ORCID, Kornakov G.ORCID, Korwieser M.ORCID, Koryciak S. D.ORCID, Kotliarov A.ORCID, Kovalenko V.ORCID, Kowalski M.ORCID, Kozhuharov V.ORCID, Králik I.ORCID, Kravčáková A.ORCID, Kreis L., Krivda M.ORCID, Krizek F.ORCID, Gajdosova K. KrizkovaORCID, Kroesen M.ORCID, Krüger M.ORCID, Krupova D. M.ORCID, Kryshen E.ORCID, Kučera V.ORCID, Kuhn C.ORCID, Kuijer P. G.ORCID, Kumaoka T., Kumar D., Kumar L.ORCID, Kumar N., Kumar S.ORCID, Kundu S.ORCID, Kurashvili P.ORCID, Kurepin A.ORCID, Kurepin A. B.ORCID, Kuryakin A.ORCID, Kushpil S.ORCID, Kvapil J.ORCID, Kweon M. J.ORCID, Kwon J. Y.ORCID, Kwon Y.ORCID, La Pointe S. L.ORCID, La Rocca P.ORCID, Lai Y. S., Lakrathok A., Lamanna M.ORCID, Langoy R.ORCID, Larionov P.ORCID, Laudi E.ORCID, Lautner L.ORCID, Lavicka R.ORCID, Lazareva T.ORCID, Lea R.ORCID, Lee H.ORCID, Legras G.ORCID, Lehrbach J.ORCID, Lemmon R. C.ORCID, León Monzón I.ORCID, Lesch M. M.ORCID, Lesser E. D.ORCID, Lettrich M., Lévai P.ORCID, Li X., Li X. L., Lien J.ORCID, Lietava R.ORCID, Lim B.ORCID, Lim S. H.ORCID, Lindenstruth V.ORCID, Lindner A., Lippmann C.ORCID, Liu A.ORCID, Liu D. H.ORCID, Liu J.ORCID, Lofnes I. M.ORCID, Loizides C.ORCID, Lokos S.ORCID, Lömker J.ORCID, Loncar P.ORCID, Lopez J. A.ORCID, Lopez X.ORCID, López Torres E.ORCID, Lu P.ORCID, Luhder J. R.ORCID, Lunardon M.ORCID, Luparello G.ORCID, Ma Y. G.ORCID, Maevskaya A., Mager M.ORCID, Mahmoud T., Maire A.ORCID, Majka R. D., Makariev M. V.ORCID, Malaev M.ORCID, Malfattore G.ORCID, Malik N. M.ORCID, Malik Q. W., Malik S. K.ORCID, Malinina L.ORCID, Mal’Kevich D.ORCID, Mallick D.ORCID, Mallick N.ORCID, Mandaglio G.ORCID, Manko V.ORCID, Manso F.ORCID, Manzari V.ORCID, Mao Y.ORCID, Margagliotti G. V.ORCID, Margotti A.ORCID, Marín A.ORCID, Markert C.ORCID, Martinengo P.ORCID, Martinez J. L., Martínez M. I.ORCID, Martínez García G.ORCID, Masciocchi S.ORCID, Masera M.ORCID, Masoni A.ORCID, Massacrier L.ORCID, Mastroserio A.ORCID, Matonoha O.ORCID, Matuoka P. F. T., Matyja A.ORCID, Mayer C.ORCID, Mazer J., Mazuecos A. L.ORCID, Mazzaschi F.ORCID, Mazzilli M.ORCID, Mdhluli J. E.ORCID, Mechler A. F., Melikyan Y.ORCID, Menchaca-Rocha A.ORCID, Meninno E.ORCID, Menon A. S.ORCID, Meres M.ORCID, Mhlanga S., Miake Y., Micheletti L.ORCID, Migliorin L. C., Mihaylov D. L.ORCID, Mikhaylov K.ORCID, Mishra A. N.ORCID, Miśkowiec D.ORCID, Modak A.ORCID, Mohanty A. P.ORCID, Mohanty B., Mohisin Khan M.ORCID, Molander M. A.ORCID, Moravcova Z.ORCID, Mordasini C.ORCID, Moreira De Godoy D. A.ORCID, Morozov I.ORCID, Morsch A.ORCID, Mrnjavac T.ORCID, Muccifora V.ORCID, Muhuri S.ORCID, Mulligan J. D.ORCID, Mulliri A.ORCID, Munhoz M. G.ORCID, Munzer R. H.ORCID, Murakami H.ORCID, Murray S.ORCID, Musa L.ORCID, Musinsky J.ORCID, Myrcha J. W.ORCID, Naik B.ORCID, Nambrath A. I.ORCID, Nandi B. K.ORCID, Nania R.ORCID, Nappi E.ORCID, Nassirpour A. F.ORCID, Nath A.ORCID, Nattrass C.ORCID, Nayak T. K.ORCID, Naydenov M. N.ORCID, Neagu A., Negru A., Nellen L.ORCID, Nesbo S. V., Neskovic G.ORCID, Nesterov D.ORCID, Nielsen B. S.ORCID, Nielsen E. G.ORCID, Nikolaev S.ORCID, Nikulin S.ORCID, Nikulin V.ORCID, Noferini F.ORCID, Noh S.ORCID, Nomokonov P.ORCID, Norman J.ORCID, Novitzky N.ORCID, Nowakowski P.ORCID, Nyanin A.ORCID, Nystrand J.ORCID, Ogino M.ORCID, Ohlson A.ORCID, Okorokov V. A.ORCID, Oleniacz J.ORCID, Oliveira Da Silva A. C.ORCID, Oliver M. H.ORCID, Onnerstad A.ORCID, Oppedisano C.ORCID, Ortiz Velasquez A.ORCID, Otwinowski J.ORCID, Oya M., Oyama K.ORCID, Pachmayer Y.ORCID, Padhan S.ORCID, Pagano D.ORCID, Paić G.ORCID, Paisano-Guzmán S.ORCID, Palasciano A.ORCID, Palmeri A., Panebianco S.ORCID, Pappalardo G. S.ORCID, Park H.ORCID, Park H.ORCID, Park J.ORCID, Parkkila J. E.ORCID, Patra R. N., Paul B.ORCID, Pei H.ORCID, Peitzmann T.ORCID, Peng X.ORCID, Pennisi M.ORCID, Pereira L. G.ORCID, Pereira Da Costa H.ORCID, Peresunko D.ORCID, Perez G. M.ORCID, Perrin S.ORCID, Pestov Y., Petráček V.ORCID, Petrov V.ORCID, Petrovici M.ORCID, Pezzi R. P.ORCID, Piano S.ORCID, Pikna M.ORCID, Pillot P.ORCID, Pinazza O.ORCID, Pinsky L., Pinto C.ORCID, Pisano S.ORCID, Płoskoń M.ORCID, Planinic M., Pliquett F., Poghosyan M. G.ORCID, Polichtchouk B.ORCID, Politano S.ORCID, Poljak N.ORCID, Pop A.ORCID, Porteboeuf-Houssais S.ORCID, Pozdniakov V.ORCID, Pradhan K. K.ORCID, Prasad S. K.ORCID, Prasad S.ORCID, Preghenella R.ORCID, Prino F.ORCID, Pruneau C. A.ORCID, Pshenichnov I.ORCID, Puccio M.ORCID, Pucillo S.ORCID, Pugelova Z., Qiu S.ORCID, Quaglia L.ORCID, Quishpe R. E., Ragoni S.ORCID, Rakotozafindrabe A.ORCID, Ramello L.ORCID, Rami F.ORCID, Rancien T. A., Rasa M.ORCID, Räsänen S. S.ORCID, Rath R.ORCID, Rauch M. P.ORCID, Ravasenga I.ORCID, Read K. F.ORCID, Reckziegel C.ORCID, Redelbach A. R.ORCID, Redlich K.ORCID, Reetz C. A.ORCID, Regules-Medel H. D., Rehman A., Reidt F.ORCID, Reme-Ness H. A.ORCID, Rescakova Z., Reygers K.ORCID, Riabov A.ORCID, Riabov V.ORCID, Ricci R.ORCID, Richter M.ORCID, Riedel A. A.ORCID, Riegler W.ORCID, Riggi F.ORCID, Ristea C.ORCID, Rodríguez Cahuantzi M.ORCID, Rodríguez Ramírez S. A.ORCID, Røed K.ORCID, Rogalev R.ORCID, Rogochaya E.ORCID, Rogoschinski T. S.ORCID, Rohr D.ORCID, Röhrich D.ORCID, Rojas P. F., Rojas Torres S.ORCID, Rokita P. S.ORCID, Romanenko G.ORCID, Ronchetti F.ORCID, Rosano A.ORCID, Rosas E. 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Abstract
AbstractThe ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly-interacting matter at extreme energy densities and temperatures. This proposal entailed a comprehensive investigation of nuclear collisions at the LHC. Its physics programme initially focused on the determination of the properties of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a deconfined state of quarks and gluons, created in such collisions. The ALICE physics programme has been extended to cover a broader ensemble of observables related to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. The experiment has studied Pb–Pb, Xe–Xe, p–Pb and pp collisions in the multi-TeV centre of mass energy range, during the Run 1–2 data-taking periods at the LHC (2009–2018). The aim of this review is to summarise the key ALICE physics results in this endeavor, and to discuss their implications on the current understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic properties of strongly-interacting matter at the highest temperatures reached in the laboratory. It will review the latest findings on the properties of the QGP created by heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies, and describe the surprising QGP-like effects in pp and p–Pb collisions. Measurements of few-body QCD interactions, and their impact in unraveling the structure of hadrons and hadronic interactions, will be discussed. ALICE results relevant for physics topics outside the realm of QCD will also be touched upon. Finally, prospects for future measurements with the ALICE detector in the context of its planned upgrades will also be briefly described.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference1437 articles.
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