1. Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
2. Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa.
3. College of Nursing, University of Iowa.
4. Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Informatics Institute, and Director, Center for Health Care Quality, University of Missouri, Columbia.
5. Trinity Health, Novi, MI.
6. Clinical Quality and Patient Safety, Trinity Health