1. 1Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
2. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
3. 3Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
4. 4Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
5. 5Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
6. 6Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
7. 7Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
8. 8Departments of Anesthesiology and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
9. 9Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
10. 10Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
11. 11Department of Anesthesiology, New York–Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
12. 12Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.