Exploring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD/ADHD) in children exposed to polybrominated biphenyl

Abstract

Background: Although the causes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism have not been identified, exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as polybrominated biphenyl (PBB), during fetal development and early life has been suspected to impact neurological development. This study aims to investigate the association between prenatal and early life exposure to PBB and the development of ADHD and autism later in life. Methods: Data from the Michigan PBB Registry, a cohort of Michigan residents who had been exposed to PBB in a mass contamination event in 1973, was leveraged for this nested case-control analysis among two distinct samples: (1) Those who self-reported ADHD or autism diagnosis, and (2) mothers who reported their child’s ADHD or autism diagnosis. PBB exposure was measured in participants of the PBB Registry, and the mother’s PBB level was used in mother-reported analyses. Cases were matched with controls by sex and year of birth. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between PBB level and case status. Results: PBB levels were higher among those who were exposed in early life compared with those exposed in utero (geometric mean: 0.300 ng/ml vs. 0.016 ng/ml). Among women in this cohort, a higher than expected proportion of self-reported ADHD diagnosis (11.11%), compared with population estimates. PBB was not associated with ADHD or autism in either self-reported or mother-reported analyses. Conclusions: This study adds to the sparse literature about prenatal and early life exposure to PBB-153 and ADHD and autism. Future studies should examine potential effect modification by sex.