The role of computed tomography in the detection of traumatic arthrotomies of the elbow: a cadaveric study

Abstract

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the use of computed tomography (CT) imaging as a diagnostic tool for elbow arthrotomies using a standardized cadaveric arthrotomy model. Method: Nineteen intact fresh frozen cadaver elbows were CT scanned using 2 mm cuts with sagittal and coronal reformats in the plane of the joint and used as controls. An elbow arthrotomy at the posterocentral arthroscopic portal site was performed in all specimens using a 4.5 millimeter trocar. After arthrotomy, all elbows underwent a second CT scan followed by a standard saline load test (SLT). Images were randomized and reviewed by 2 blinded, independent reviewers. Bimodal scoring was performed for each specimen with regard to the presence of an arthrotomy indicated by presence of air in the joint. Regarding the SLT, saline exiting the arthrotomy wound was considered a positive test. Results: CT scans were found to have 100% sensitivity and 86% specificity for diagnosing elbow arthrotomies. Interrater reliability calculated with Cohen kappa statistic was near perfect at r = 0.89. The SLT had a sensitivity of 79% when 20 mL was injected. A total of 25 mL of saline was required to be injected for a sensitivity greater than 95%. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that CT scan is a reliable and less technically demanding method of diagnosis arthrotomies with high interrater reliability and high sensitivity and with results comparable with SLT. This technique may be useful in centers where trained providers are not readily available to perform SLT. Clinical study is required to validate our results. Level of Evidence: Level II.