1. 1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
2. 2Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Sichuan, China.
3. 3The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
4. 4Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
5. 5Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
6. 6Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia; Division of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Perioperative Medicine, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
7. 7Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia; Division of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Perioperative Medicine Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.
8. 8Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University and National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China.
9. 9Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.
10. 10Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
11. 11Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Shanghai, China.
12. 12Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
13. 13Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. (At time of study)
14. 14Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.
15. 15Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
16. 16Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
17. 17Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio.
18. 20Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.
19. 18Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, Division of Pediatric Anesthesia, University of Texas Southwestern, Children’s Health Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Outcome Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio.
20. 19Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Neurology and Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.