Trigeminocardiac Reflex: A Review and Key Implications to Dermatologic Surgery

Abstract

BACKGROUND The trigeminocardiac reflex is a common but underreported occurrence that can vary from benign to life threatening. This reflex can be elicited by placing direct pressure on the globe of the eye or from traction of the extraocular muscles, stimulating the trigeminal nerve. OBJECTIVE To provide a review of potential stimuli for the trigeminocardiac reflex within dermatologic surgery and to discuss management options for the treatment of the trigeminocardiac reflex. METHODS PubMed and Cochrane were used to identify articles and case reports that established scenarios in which the trigeminocardiac reflex was provoked and subsequently how the reflex was managed. RESULTS Within the field of dermatologic surgery, the trigeminocardiac reflex can be stimulated during biopsies, cryoablations, injections, laser treatments, Mohs micrographic surgery, and oculoplastic interventions, most often occurring in an office setting. The most common presentations include significant bradycardia, hypotension, gastric hypermobility, and lightheadedness. The most definitive treatment is cessation of the inciting stimulus, monitoring, and symptomatic management. Glycopyrrolate and atropine are common treatments for severe, intractable cases of the trigeminocardiac reflex. CONCLUSION The trigeminocardiac reflex, while underreported and underrepresented in dermatologic literature and dermatologic surgery settings, should be considered in the setting of bradycardia and hypotension during dermatologic procedures.