Oral microbiome as a new research-target for supportive care and precision oncology

Abstract

Purpose of review A growing number of studies demonstrate the oral bacterial shift in cancer patients and the enrichment of oral bacteria in distant tumours. During the oncological treatment, opportunistic oral bacteria correlate with oral toxicities. This review focused on the most recent studies to identify which genera are the most mentioned and deserved further investigation. Recent findings This review evaluated bacterial changes in patients with head and neck, colorectal, lung and breast cancer. Greater composition of disease-related genera (e.g., Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Parvimonas) are present in the oral cavity of these groups of patients. The tumour specimen characterisation of head and neck, pancreatic and colorectal cancer also describes the presence of oral taxa. No evidence indicates that commensal oral bacteria have protective roles in distant tumours. Regardless, oral care is critical to prevent the growth of oral pathogens and reduce infection foci. Summary Recent evidence suggests that oral microbiota is a potential biomarker for oncological clinical outcomes and oral toxicities. Currently, the literature presents a remarkable methodological variety - from the sample collection site to the preference of the data analysis tools. For the oral microbiome to achieve the stage of being used as a clinical tool in the oncological context, more studies are necessary.