Outcomes and Complications of Sole Reconstruction Using Lateral Thoracic Free Tissue Transfer

Abstract

Background The complex structure of the sole of the foot makes the repair of extensive defects challenging. The present study, therefore, aimed to address a gap in current research by evaluating the potential of the lateral thoracic free flap, including perforator options and chimeric configurations, to be used as an advanced solution for comprehensive sole reconstruction. Patients and Methods We retrospectively collected the following data from the charts of patients with sole defects, due to various causes, who underwent lateral thoracic free tissue transfers: patient demographics; etiologies; comorbidities; flap types and dimensions; pedicle length; operative time; follow-up period; complications; and management. Results The present study included 54 patients who underwent lateral thoracic free tissue transfer, citing infection, trauma, tumor, and posttraumatic sequelae as the major etiologies. We used the following techniques for the reconstruction of sole defects: thoracodorsal artery perforator free flap (83.3%); latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flap (1.9%); and various chimeric pattern flaps (14.8%). Free tissue transfer in the lateral thoracic region offers versatility for reconstruction, as well as low donor site morbidity. Complications observed in the present study included wound dehiscence (9.3%), partial necrosis (9.3%), and pressure ulcers (22.2%), although most patients healed favorably without flap loss. Conclusions The lateral thoracic free flap is a viable option for the reconstruction of the sole of the foot and allows for the effective reconstruction of complex defects. It contains a sustainable skin paddle, and multiple components can be easily included as a chimeric type. Further studies should seek to identify ways to prevent pressure ulcers, which was the only known long-term complication in the present study.