Clinical Presentation of Enterovirus D68 in a Swiss Pediatric University Center

Abstract

Background: Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is responsible for millions of infections. In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of children requiring hospital or critical care admission due to severe respiratory illness. Nevertheless, the epidemiological and clinical importance of EV-D68 infections remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to determine the local prevalence of EV-D68 infection in pediatric patients and to characterize its clinical presentation and disease burden compared with non-EV-D68 enterovirus and human rhinovirus (RV) infections. Study design: We performed a retrospective single-center study of children presenting with respiratory symptoms and positive respiratory panel polymerase chain reaction for EV/RV from November 2018 to December 2019. We tested EV/RV positive specimens with an EV-D68-specific polymerase chain reaction to discriminate EV-D68, non-EV-D68 and RV and compared their respective clinical presentation, outcomes and treatment. Results: We identified 224 patients (median age 21 months), of which 16 (7%) were EV-D68 positive. They presented with cough (88%), wheezing (62%) and dyspnea (75%). EV-D68 infection had an odds ratio regarding pediatric respiratory severity-score of 11.6 relative to non-EV-D68 [confidence intervals (CI): 3.51–41.14], and of 9.9 (CI: 3.75–27.95) relative to RV. The fitted logistic regression showed that the odds of intensive care were 5 times more likely with EV-D68 than RV infection (CI: 1.32–19.28; P = 0.001). Patients with EV-D68 infections were more likely to receive medical support in the form of supplementary oxygen, antibiotics and steroids. Conclusions: EV-D68 infection is associated with higher morbidity and a higher likelihood of intensive care treatment than non-EV-D68 and RV infections.