The Role of Thoracic Tilt in Identifying Thoracic Compensation and Predicting Proximal Junctional Kyphosis in Degenerative Lumbar Scoliosis

Abstract

Study Design. A retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients. Objective. To investigate the clinical value of thoracic tilt (TT) in characterizing thoracic compensation and predicting proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) in degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS). Summary of Background Data. Thoracic compensation has been shown to be associated with the development of PJK, while thoracic shape and morphology in patients with DLS remain understudied. Methods. Patients with DLS who underwent long-segment fusion were divided into a PJK group and a non-PJK group. Asymptomatic elderly volunteers were recruited as healthy controls. Thoracic parameters were measured in both cohorts, including the TT, T1-L1 pelvic angle (TLPA), T12 slope, thoracic kyphosis (TK, T4-T12), global thoracic kyphosis (GTK, T1-T12), and thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK, T10-L2). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between TT and the development of PJK, adjusting for confounders. Multivariate linear regression was used to establish the predictive formula for TT. Results. A total of 126 patients with DLS were enrolled, of which 37 (29.4%) developed PJK. Compared with 110 healthy controls, DLS patients had significantly greater TT, TLPA, T12 slope, and TLK as well as smaller TK and GTK (all P<0.001). Preoperatively, the PJK group showed significantly greater TT (P=0.013), TLPA (P<0.001), and TLK (P=0.034) than the non-PJK group. No significant differences were found in TK and GTK before surgery. Postoperatively, the PJK group showed significantly greater TT (P<0.001), TLPA (P<0.001), TLK (P<0.001), and proximal junctional angle (P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that greater postoperative TT was associated with the development of PJK. Multivariate linear regression analysis suggested that the regression formula was postoperative TT=0.675×T12slope+0.412×TK+0.158×TLK−4.808 (R 2=0.643, P<0.001). Conclusions. The novel sagittal parameter TT can be used for the evaluation of thoracic compensation. Greater preoperative TT might represent a decompensated state of TK. Rebalancing the TT in a sagittal neutral position might help to prevent PJK in patients with DLS.