Early menopause and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study

Abstract

Abstract Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of early natural menopause with changes in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). Methods Postmenopausal women from the Swiss CoLaus study, reporting age at natural menopause (ANM) and having CVRFs measurements (blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], and inflammatory markers) at baseline (2003-2006) and first follow-up (2009-2012) were eligible for analysis. Age at natural menopause was analyzed as a continuous variable and in categories (ANM <45 and ≥45 y old). Linear regression analysis and linear mixed models were used to assess whether ANM is associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with changes in CVRFs. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, lifestyle-related factors, time since menopause, medication, and clinical conditions. Results We analyzed 981 postmenopausal women. The cross-sectional analysis showed that women with ANM younger than 45 years had lower diastolic blood pressure (β = −3.76 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −5.86 to −1.65) compared with women whose ANM was 45 years or older. In the longitudinal analysis, ANM younger than 45 years was associated with changes in log insulin (β = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.45) and log homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance levels (β = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.48). No associations were found between ANM and other CVRFs. Conclusions Early menopause may be associated with changes in glucose metabolism, while it may have little to no impact on other CVRFs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to replicate our findings.