Association of Active Renin Content With Mortality in Critically Ill Patients: A Post hoc Analysis of the Vitamin C, Thiamine, and Steroids in Sepsis Trial

Abstract

Objective: Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality. Predicting outcomes is challenging and few biomarkers perform well. Defects in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) can predict clinical outcomes in sepsis and may outperform traditional biomarkers. We postulated that RAS dysfunction (elevated active renin, angiotensin 1-7 [Ang-(1-7)], and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity with depressed Ang-II and ACE activity) would be associated with mortality in a cohort of septic patients. Design: Post hoc analysis of patients enrolled in the Vitamin C, Thiamine, and Steroids in Sepsis (VICTAS) randomized controlled trial. Setting: Forty-three hospitals across the United States. Patients: Biorepository samples of 103 patients. Interventions: We analyzed day 0 (within 24 hr of respiratory failure, septic shock, or both) and day 3 samples (n = 103 and 95, respectively) for assessment of the RAS. The association of RAS values with 30-day mortality was determined using Cox proportional hazards regression with multivariable adjustments for age, sex, VICTAS treatment arm, systolic blood pressure, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score, and vasopressor use. Measurements and Main Results: High baseline active renin values were associated with higher 30-day mortality when dichotomized to the median of 188.7 pg/mL (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.84 [95% CI, 1.10–7.33], p = 0.031) or stratified into quartiles (Q1 = ref, HRQ2 = 2.01 [0.37–11.04], HRQ3 = 3.22 [0.64–16.28], HRQ4 = 5.58 [1.18–26.32], p for linear trend = 0.023). A 1-sd (593.6 pg/mL) increase in renin from day 0 to day 3 was associated with increased mortality (HR = 3.75 [95% CI, 1.94–7.22], p < 0.001), and patients whose renin decreased had improved survival compared with those whose renin increased (HR 0.22 [95% CI, 0.08–0.60], p = 0.003). Ang-(1-7), ACE2 activity, Ang-II and ACE activity did not show this association. Mortality was attenuated in patients with renin over the median on day 0 who received the VICTAS intervention, but not on day 3 (p interaction 0.020 and 0.137, respectively). There were no additional consistent patterns of mortality on the RAS from the VICTAS intervention. Conclusions: Baseline serum active renin levels were strongly associated with mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis. Furthermore, a greater relative activation in circulating renin from day 0 to day 3 was associated with a higher risk of death.