1. Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
2. Neng-Chun Diabetes Clinic, Yilan, Taiwan
3. Department of Nursing, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
4. School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
5. Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.