Metronidazole-Induced Encephalopathy With Probable Crohn Encephalitis: A Case Report

Abstract

Objectives Metronidazole central nervous system toxicity is a rare finding in patients receiving the medication. We report a peculiar case of metronidazole central nervous system toxicity in which both the underlying condition (Crohn disease) and the drugs used to treat it are potential causes of encephalopathy. Methods A 26-year-old female with 6-year history of Crohn's disease for 6 years presented acute-onset encephalopathy. We provide bibliographic evidence to support metronidazole toxicity and potential Crohn disease-associated neurologic involvement. Results The patient presented dystonia, cerebellar ataxia, and altered mental status. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed typical findings of metronidazole toxicity and white matter involvement of the centrum semiovale. Immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid proteins were consistent with a systemic inflammatory process. We concluded on an association between drug toxicity and probable Crohn-associated neurologic involvement. Metronidazole was stopped and the patient was placed on vitamin therapy and diazepam to control dystonia. She deteriorated and was transferred to the intensive care unit where she expired. Conclusions Acute behavioral changes in a young patient constitute an emergency and differential diagnoses should include infective, inflammatory, metabolic, and toxic causes. Metronidazole is a potential toxic etiology.