The Relationship Between Postoperative Complications and Children’s Quality of Life: A Mediation Analysis to Explore the Role of Family Factors

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To explore whether postoperative morbidities after pediatric cardiac surgery affected children’s health-related quality of life (HRQOL) at 6 months, through potentially modifiable parental psychological factors. DESIGN: We undertook a mediation analysis, to explore the causal pathway, based on data from a prospective, case-matched cohort study. PATIENTS: Six hundred sixty-six children undergoing cardiac surgery. SETTING: Five centers in the United Kingdom. INTERVENTIONS: No intervention. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Cases of morbidity were identified early after pediatric cardiac surgery, and matched controls with no morbidities were identified at discharge. Four mediators were assessed at 6 weeks after surgery, using the PedsQL Family Impact Module (Parent HRQOL and Family Function) and the PHQ-4 (Anxiety and Depression). The study outcome of child HRQOL was assessed at 6 months with the PedsQL. Of 666 children, 408 (65% of those surviving) contributed to the primary outcome. Children who had extracorporeal life support (ECLS) (n = 11) (p < 0.05) and multiple morbidities (n = 62) (p < 0.01) had worse 6-month HRQOL than those with a single morbidity (n = 125) or no morbidity (n = 209). After adjustment for case mix complexity and sociodemographic variables, there were significant indirect effects of parent HRQOL at 6 weeks, on the PedsQL Total Score (ECLS, –5.1 [–8.4 to –1.8]; p = 0.003; multiple morbidities, –2.1 [–3.7 to –0.5]; p = 0.01), PedsQL Physical Score (ECLS, –5.1 [–8.7 to –1.4]; p = 0.007; multiple morbidities, –2.1 [–3.8 to –0.4]; p = 0.016), and PedsQL Psychosocial Score (ECLS: –5.3 [–8.7 to –1.8); p = 0.003; multiple morbidities, –2.2 [–3.9 to –0.5]; p = 0.01). The proportion of the total effect of ECLS and multiple morbidity on the study outcomes mediated through parent HRQOL ranges between 18% and 61%. There was no evidence that the other three mediators had indirect effects on the study outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Parental HRQOL at 6 weeks after surgery contributes to child HRQOL at 6 months, among those with the severest types of morbidity, and as such should be a target for future interventions.