Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonates With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: Prevalence of Seizures and Outcomes

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the prevalence of electrographic seizures and associated odds of adverse outcomes of electrographic seizures in neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive case series. SETTING: Neonatal ICU (NICU) in a quaternary care institution. PATIENTS: All neonates with CDH receiving ECMO undergoing continuous electroencephalographic monitoring (CEEG) and follow-up between January 2012 and December 2019. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All eligible neonates with CDH receiving ECMO underwent CEEG (n = 75). Electrographic seizures occurred in 14 of 75 (19%): they were exclusively electrographic-only in nine of 14, both electrographic-only and electroclinical in three of 14, and electroclinical only in two of 14. Two neonates developed status epilepticus. We identified an association between presence of seizures, rather than not, and longer duration of initial session of CEEG monitoring (55.7 hr [48.2–87.3 hr] vs 48.0 hr [43.0–48.3 hr]; p = 0.001). We also found an association between presence of seizures, rather than not, and greater odds of use of a second CEEG monitoring (12/14 vs 21/61; odds ratio [OR], 11.43 [95% CI, 2.34–55.90; p = 0.0026). Most neonates with seizures (10/14), experienced their onset of seizures more than 96 hours after the start of ECMO. Overall, the presence of electrographic seizures, compared with not, was associated with lower odds of survival to NICU discharge (4/14 vs 49/61; OR 0.10 [95% CI 0.03 to 0.37], p = 0.0006). Also, the presence of seizures—rather than not—was associated with greater odds of a composite of death and all abnormal outcomes on follow-up (13/14 vs 26/61; OR, 17.5; 95% CI, 2.15–142.39; p = 0.0074). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one in five neonates with CDH receiving ECMO developed seizures during the ECMO course. Seizures were predominantly electrographic-only and when present were associated with great odds of adverse outcomes. The current study provides evidence to support standardized CEEG in this population.