Medical robotics—Regulatory, ethical, and legal considerations for increasing levels of autonomy

Author:

Yang Guang-Zhong1,Cambias James2,Cleary Kevin3,Daimler Eric4,Drake James5,Dupont Pierre E.6,Hata Nobuhiko7,Kazanzides Peter8,Martel Sylvain9,Patel Rajni V.10,Santos Veronica J.11,Taylor Russell H.12

Affiliation:

1. Guang-Zhong Yang is the Editor of Science Robotics and the Director and Co-founder of the Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Imperial College London, U.K..

2. James Cambias is an American science fiction writer.

3. Kevin Cleary is the Technical Director of the Bioengineering Initiative, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

4. Eric Daimler is a White House Presidential Innovation Fellow at the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington, DC 20504, USA.

5. James Drake is Head of the Division of Neurosurgery, and Director of the Centre of Image Guided Innovation and Therapeutic Intervention, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada.

6. Pierre E. Dupont is the Director of the Pediatric Cardiac Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

7. Nobuhiko Hata is an Associate Professor of Radiology at the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

8. Peter Kazanzides is a Research Professor at the Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

9. Sylvain Martel is Head of the NanoRobotics Laboratory, Department of Computer and Software Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.

10. Rajni V. Patel is Director of Engineering, Canadian Surgical Technologies and Advanced Robotics (CSTAR), and Professor, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada.

11. Veronica J. Santos is Director of the Biomechatronics Lab and an Associate Professor of Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

12. Russell H. Taylor is Director of the the Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics and of the Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical Systems and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.

Abstract

A proposed framework for regulatory, ethical, and legal discussions identifies six levels of autonomy for medical robotics.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Artificial Intelligence,Control and Optimization,Computer Science Applications,Mechanical Engineering

Reference5 articles.

1. Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to on-road motor vehicle automated driving systems (SAE International 2016); http://standards.sae.org/j3016_201609/.

2. L. B. Rosenberg Virtual fixtures: Perceptual tools for telerobotic manipulation in Proceedings of the 1993 IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (IEEE 1993) pp. 76–82.

3. Supervised autonomous robotic soft tissue surgery;Shademan A.;Sci. Transl. Med.,2016

4. J. Makower A. Meer L. Denend FDA Impact on US Medical Technology Innovation: A Survey of Over 200 Medical Technology Companies (Advanced Medical Technology Association 2010).

5. From Passive Tool Holders to Microsurgeons: Safer, Smaller, Smarter Surgical Robots

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