Inherent tendency of Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria for mutualism on long-term coexistence despite environmental interference

Author:

Nair Shailesh12ORCID,Zhang Zenghu12ORCID,Li Hongmei12,Zhao Hanshuang12,Shen Hui34,Kao Shuh-Ji34,Jiao Nianzhi3ORCID,Zhang Yongyu12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.

2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China.

4. State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.

Abstract

Mutualism between Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria has been found to support their prolonged survival in nutrient-depleted conditions. However, environmental interference on the fate of their mutualism is not understood. Here, we show that exogenous nutrients disrupt their established mutualism. Once the exogenous nutrients were exhausted, Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria gradually reestablished their metabolic mutualism during 450 days of culture, which revived unhealthy Synechococcus cells. Using metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and the 15 N tracer method, we reveal that the associated bacterial nitrogen fixation triggered the reestablishment of the mutualism and revival of Synechococcus health. During this process, bacterial community structure and functions underwent tremendous adjustments to achieve the driving effect, and a cogeneration of nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and vitamin by the heterotrophic bacteria sustained Synechococcus ’s prolonged healthy growth. Our findings suggest that Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria may have an inherent tendency toward mutualism despite environmental interference. This may exhibit their coevolutionary adaptations in nutrient-deficient environments.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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