Growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes from Co-W-C alloy catalyst revealed by atmospheric environmental transmission electron microscopy

Author:

Wang Yang12ORCID,Qiu Lu3ORCID,Zhang Lili1ORCID,Tang Dai-Ming4ORCID,Ma Ruixue12,Ren Cui-Lan56,Ding Feng37ORCID,Liu Chang1ORCID,Cheng Hui-Ming18ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.

2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.

3. Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.

4. International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.

5. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.

6. Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.

7. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, South Korea.

8. Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen 518055, China.

Abstract

High–melting point alloy catalysts have been reported to be effective for the structure-controlled growth of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, some fundamental issues remain unclear because of the complex catalytic growth environment. Here, we directly investigated the active catalytic phase of Co-W-C alloy catalyst, the growth kinetics of CNTs, and their interfacial dynamics using closed-cell environmental transmission electron microscopy at atmospheric pressure. The alloy catalyst was precisely identified as a cubic η-carbide phase that remained unchanged during the whole CNT growth process. Rotations of the catalyst nanoparticles during CNT growth were observed, implying a weak interfacial interaction and undefined orientation dependence for the solid catalyst. Theoretical calculations suggested that the growth kinetics are determined by the diffusion of carbon atoms on the surface of the η-carbide catalyst and through the interface of the catalyst-CNT wall.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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