Lepidopteran prolegs are novel traits, not leg homologs

Author:

Matsuoka Yuji1ORCID,Murugesan Suriya Narayanan1ORCID,Prakash Anupama1ORCID,Monteiro Antónia1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive, Singapore 117543 Singapore.

Abstract

Lepidopteran larvae have both thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs, yet it is unclear whether these are serial homologs. A RNA-seq analysis with various appendages of Bicyclus anynana butterfly larvae indicated that the proleg transcriptome resembles the head-horn transcriptome, a novel trait in the lepidoptera, but not a thoracic leg. Under a partial segment abdominal-A ( abd-A ) knockout, both thoracic leg homologs (pleuropodia) and prolegs developed in the same segment, arguing that both traits are not serial homologs. Further, three of the four coxal marker genes, Sp5 , Sp6-9 , and araucan , were absent from prolegs, but two endite marker genes, gooseberry and Distal-less , were expressed in prolegs, suggesting that prolegs may be using a modular endite gene-regulatory network (GRN) for their development. We propose that larval prolegs are novel traits derived from the activation of a pre-existing modular endite GRN in the abdomen using abd-A , the same Hox gene that still represses legs in more lateral positions.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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