Long 3′UTRs predispose neurons to inflammation by promoting immunostimulatory double-stranded RNA formation

Author:

Dorrity Tyler J.1ORCID,Shin Heegwon1ORCID,Wiegand Kenenni A.1ORCID,Aruda Justin1ORCID,Closser Michael234,Jung Emily1,Gertie Jake A.156ORCID,Leone Amanda1,Polfer Rachel1,Culbertson Bruce56ORCID,Yu Lisa1ORCID,Wu Christine1ORCID,Ito Takamasa1,Huang Yuefeng1ORCID,Steckelberg Anna-Lena7,Wichterle Hynek234ORCID,Chung Hachung1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

2. Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

3. Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

4. Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

5. Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

6. Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.

7. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Abstract

Loss of RNA homeostasis underlies numerous neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger neuroinflammation are poorly understood. Viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers innate immune responses when sensed by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present in all cell types. Here, we report that human neurons intrinsically carry exceptionally high levels of immunostimulatory dsRNAs and identify long 3′UTRs as giving rise to neuronal dsRNA structures. We found that the neuron-enriched ELAVL family of genes ( ELAVL2 , ELAVL3 , and ELAVL4 ) can increase (i) 3′UTR length, (ii) dsRNA load, and (iii) activation of dsRNA-sensing PRRs such as MDA5, PKR, and TLR3. In wild-type neurons, neuronal dsRNAs signaled through PRRs to induce tonic production of the antiviral type I interferon. Depleting ELAVL2 in WT neurons led to global shortening of 3′UTR length, reduced immunostimulatory dsRNA levels, and rendered WT neurons susceptible to herpes simplex virus and Zika virus infection. Neurons deficient in ADAR1, a dsRNA-editing enzyme mutated in the neuroinflammatory disorder Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, exhibited intolerably high levels of dsRNA that triggered PRR-mediated toxic inflammation and neuronal death. Depleting ELAVL2 in ADAR1 knockout neurons led to prolonged neuron survival by reducing immunostimulatory dsRNA levels. In summary, neurons are specialized cells where PRRs constantly sense “self” dsRNAs to preemptively induce protective antiviral immunity, but maintaining RNA homeostasis is paramount to prevent pathological neuroinflammation.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

General Medicine,Immunology

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