The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking

Author:

Outram Alan K.12345,Stear Natalie A.12345,Bendrey Robin12345,Olsen Sandra12345,Kasparov Alexei12345,Zaibert Victor12345,Thorpe Nick12345,Evershed Richard P.12345

Affiliation:

1. Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.

2. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.

3. CNRS UNR 5197, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 75005, France.

4. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA 15206–3706, USA.

5. Institute for the History of Material Culture, RAS, St. Petersburg 191186, Russia.

Abstract

Horse domestication revolutionized transport, communications, and warfare in prehistory, yet the identification of early domestication processes has been problematic. Here, we present three independent lines of evidence demonstrating domestication in the Eneolithic Botai Culture of Kazakhstan, dating to about 3500 B.C.E. Metrical analysis of horse metacarpals shows that Botai horses resemble Bronze Age domestic horses rather than Paleolithic wild horses from the same region. Pathological characteristics indicate that some Botai horses were bridled, perhaps ridden. Organic residue analysis, using δ 13 C and δD values of fatty acids, reveals processing of mare's milk and carcass products in ceramics, indicating a developed domestic economy encompassing secondary products.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference28 articles.

1. The Horse the Wheel and Language 2007

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3. Wagon Chariot and Carriage 1992

4. Mitochondrial DNA and the origins of the domestic horse

5. Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages

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