1. P. Anderson K. J. Arrow D. Pines Eds. The Economy As an Evolving Complex System (Addison-Wesley Reading MA 1988).
2. W. B. Arthur S. N. Durlauf D. A. Lane Eds. The Economy As an Evolving Complex System II (Addison-Wesley Reading MA 1997).
3. Arthur W. B., Sci. Am. 262, 92 (1990).
4. ___ Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy (Univ. of Michigan Press Ann Arbor MI 1994).
5. I have avoided exact definitions of “complexity” and “complex systems.” Technically the systems I have described are referred to as adaptive nonlinear networks (J. H. Holland's term) and typically if they exhibit certain properties that have to do with the multiplicity of potential patterns or with the coherence or propagation of substructures they are said to be “complex.” Definitions vary widely.