Historical Trends in Lake and River Ice Cover in the Northern Hemisphere-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Historical Trends in Lake and River Ice Cover in the Northern Hemisphere

Published:2000-09-08 Issue:5485 Volume:289 Page:1743-1746
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Magnuson John J.¹,Robertson Dale M.²,Benson Barbara J.¹,Wynne Randolph H.³,Livingstone David M.⁴,Arai Tadashi⁵,Assel Raymond A.⁶,Barry Roger G.⁷,Card Virginia⁸,Kuusisto Esko⁹,Granin Nick G.¹⁰,Prowse Terry D.¹¹,Stewart Kenton M.¹²,Vuglinski Valery S.¹³

Affiliation:

1. Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

2. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI 53562, USA.

3. Department of Forestry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 319 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.

4. Department of Environmental Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.

5. Department of Geography, Rissho University 4-2-16 Osaki, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo 141, Japan.

6. Great Lakes Ecosystem Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency, 2205 Commonwealth Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48105–1593, USA.

7. World Data Center for Glaciology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309–0449, USA.

8. College of Arts and Sciences, Metropolitan State University, 700 East 7 Street, St. Paul, MN 55106, USA.

9. Finnish Environment Institute, Post Office Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland.

10. Limnological Institute, Post Office Box 4199, Irkutsk 664033, Russia.

11. National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada.

12. Department of Biological Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.

13. State Hydrological Institute, 23 Second Line, St. Petersburg 199053, Russia.

Abstract

Freeze and breakup dates of ice on lakes and rivers provide consistent evidence of later freezing and earlier breakup around the Northern Hemisphere from 1846 to 1995. Over these 150 years, changes in freeze dates averaged 5.8 days per 100 years later, and changes in breakup dates averaged 6.5 days per 100 years earlier; these translate to increasing air temperatures of about 1.2°C per 100 years. Interannual variability in both freeze and breakup dates has increased since 1950. A few longer time series reveal reduced ice cover (a warming trend) beginning as early as the 16th century, with increasing rates of change after about 1850.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference36 articles.

1. J. J. Magnuson R. H. Wynne B. J. Benson D. M. Robertson Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. in press.

2. F. Kiefer Naturkunde des Bodensees (Thorbecke Verlag Sigmaringen Germany 1972).

3. T. Arai Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. in press.

4. E. Kuusisto and A.-R. Elo Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. in press.

5. The 39 time series from the 26 lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere (Table 1) extend from 42.3° to 61.1°N in North America (Canada and the United States) and from 36.2° to 65.8°N in Eurasia (Finland Switzerland Russia and Japan). The 150-year window (1846 to 1995) was chosen to maximize both the length of record and the overall number of sites with available data. The data from 1996 to 2000 are not available yet. Most of the water bodies are located in central or eastern North America or in Finland. Altitudes (above mean sea level) range from 3 to 1768 m but only one site is above 1000 m. The lakes range in area from 0.8 to 31 500 km 2 (median ∼27 km 2 ) and in mean depth from 5 to 740 m (median ∼12 m). These time series are the longest records from a database that we aggregated from 746 lakes and rivers in the Northern Hemisphere. Data have been transferred to the World Data Center for Glaciology at the National Snow and Ice Data Center affiliated with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (for additional information see ). Other analyses of these data related to El Niño interdecadal changes and other features will be published in a symposium (1 34). The time series for Lake Suwa has been published in tabular form up to the winter of 1953–54 (8). More recent Lake Suwa data are from various sources (3) [T. Kobayashi (National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Kanagawa Japan) personal communication in 1996].

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