The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan was the early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic

Published:2022-08-26 Issue:6609 Volume:377 Page:951-959
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Worobey Michael¹^ORCID,Levy Joshua I.²^ORCID,Malpica Serrano Lorena¹^ORCID,Crits-Christoph Alexander³,Pekar Jonathan E.⁴⁵^ORCID,Goldstein Stephen A.⁶^ORCID,Rasmussen Angela L.⁷⁸^ORCID,Kraemer Moritz U. G.⁹^ORCID,Newman Chris¹⁰^ORCID,Koopmans Marion P. G.¹¹¹²^ORCID,Suchard Marc A.¹³¹⁴¹⁵^ORCID,Wertheim Joel O.¹⁶^ORCID,Lemey Philippe¹⁷¹⁸^ORCID,Robertson David L.¹⁹^ORCID,Garry Robert F.¹⁸²⁰²¹^ORCID,Holmes Edward C.²²^ORCID,Rambaut Andrew²³^ORCID,Andersen Kristian G.²²⁴^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.

2. Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

3. W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

4. Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

5. Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

6. Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.

7. Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.

8. Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.

9. Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK.

10. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13 5QL, UK.

11. Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Centre, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.

12. Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, Netherlands.

13. Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

14. Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

15. Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

16. Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

17. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

18. Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.

19. MRC-University of Glasgow Center for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.

20. Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.

21. Zalgen Labs, Frederick, MD 21703, USA.

22. Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.

23. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.

24. Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Abstract

Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 is critical to preventing future zoonotic outbreaks before they become the next pandemic. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China, was identified as a likely source of cases in early reports, but later this conclusion became controversial. We show here that the earliest known COVID-19 cases from December 2019, including those without reported direct links, were geographically centered on this market. We report that live SARS-CoV-2–susceptible mammals were sold at the market in late 2019 and that within the market, SARS-CoV-2–positive environmental samples were spatially associated with vendors selling live mammals. Although there is insufficient evidence to define upstream events, and exact circumstances remain obscure, our analyses indicate that the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 occurred through the live wildlife trade in China and show that the Huanan market was the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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