De novo phytosterol synthesis in animals

Author:

Michellod Dolma1ORCID,Bien Tanja2ORCID,Birgel Daniel3ORCID,Violette Marlene4ORCID,Kleiner Manuel4ORCID,Fearn Sarah5ORCID,Zeidler Caroline1ORCID,Gruber-Vodicka Harald R.1,Dubilier Nicole16ORCID,Liebeke Manuel1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany.

2. Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 41, 48149 Münster, Germany.

3. Institute for Geology, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.

4. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

5. Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

6. MARUM, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany.

Abstract

Sterols are vital for nearly all eukaryotes. Their distribution differs in plants and animals, with phytosterols commonly found in plants whereas most animals are dominated by cholesterol. We show that sitosterol, a common sterol of plants, is the most abundant sterol in gutless marine annelids. Using multiomics, metabolite imaging, heterologous gene expression, and enzyme assays, we show that these animals synthesize sitosterol de novo using a noncanonical C-24 sterol methyltransferase (C 24 -SMT). This enzyme is essential for sitosterol synthesis in plants, but not known from most bilaterian animals. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that C 24 -SMTs are present in representatives of at least five animal phyla, indicating that the synthesis of sterols common to plants is more widespread in animals than currently known.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

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