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The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates

  • Published:2010-12-10 Issue:6010 Volume:330 Page:1503-1509
  • ISSN:0036-8075
  • Container-title:Science
  • language:en
  • Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Hoffmann Michael12,Hilton-Taylor Craig3,Angulo Ariadne45,Böhm Monika6,Brooks Thomas M.789,Butchart Stuart H. M.10,Carpenter Kent E.2511,Chanson Janice512,Collen Ben6,Cox Neil A.513,Darwall William R. T.3,Dulvy Nicholas K.14,Harrison Lucy R.14,Katariya Vineet3,Pollock Caroline M.3,Quader Suhel15,Richman Nadia I.6,Rodrigues Ana S. L.16,Tognelli Marcelo F.51317,Vié Jean-Christophe5,Aguiar John M.18,Allen David J.3,Allen Gerald R.19,Amori Giovanni20,Ananjeva Natalia B.21,Andreone Franco22,Andrew Paul23,Ortiz Aida Luz Aquino24,Baillie Jonathan E. M.25,Baldi Ricardo2627,Bell Ben D.28,Biju S. D.29,Bird Jeremy P.30,Black-Decima Patricia31,Blanc J. Julian32,Bolaños Federico33,Bolivar-G. Wilmar34,Burfield Ian J.10,Burton James A.3536,Capper David R.37,Castro Fernando38,Catullo Gianluca39,Cavanagh Rachel D.40,Channing Alan41,Chao Ning Labbish424344,Chenery Anna M.45,Chiozza Federica46,Clausnitzer Viola47,Collar Nigel J.10,Collett Leah C.3,Collette Bruce B.48,Fernandez Claudia F. Cortez49,Craig Matthew T.50,Crosby Michael J.10,Cumberlidge Neil51,Cuttelod Annabelle3,Derocher Andrew E.52,Diesmos Arvin C.53,Donaldson John S.54,Duckworth J. W.55,Dutson Guy56,Dutta S. K.57,Emslie Richard H.58,Farjon Aljos59,Fowler Sarah60,Freyhof Jörg61,Garshelis David L.62,Gerlach Justin63,Gower David J.64,Grant Tandora D.65,Hammerson Geoffrey A.66,Harris Richard B.67,Heaney Lawrence R.68,Hedges S. Blair69,Hero Jean-Marc70,Hughes Baz71,Hussain Syed Ainul72,Icochea M. Javier73,Inger Robert F.68,Ishii Nobuo74,Iskandar Djoko T.75,Jenkins Richard K. B.767778,Kaneko Yoshio79,Kottelat Maurice8081,Kovacs Kit M.82,Kuzmin Sergius L.83,La Marca Enrique84,Lamoreux John F.585,Lau Michael W. N.86,Lavilla Esteban O.87,Leus Kristin88,Lewison Rebecca L.89,Lichtenstein Gabriela90,Livingstone Suzanne R.91,Lukoschek Vimoksalehi9293,Mallon David P.94,McGowan Philip J. K.95,McIvor Anna96,Moehlman Patricia D.97,Molur Sanjay98,Alonso Antonio Muñoz99,Musick John A.100,Nowell Kristin101,Nussbaum Ronald A.102,Olech Wanda103,Orlov Nikolay L.21,Papenfuss Theodore J.104,Parra-Olea Gabriela105,Perrin William F.106,Polidoro Beth A.511,Pourkazemi Mohammad107,Racey Paul A.108,Ragle James S.5,Ram Mala6,Rathbun Galen109,Reynolds Robert P.110,Rhodin Anders G. J.111,Richards Stephen J.112113,Rodríguez Lily O.114,Ron Santiago R.115,Rondinini Carlo46,Rylands Anthony B.2,Sadovy de Mitcheson Yvonne116117,Sanciangco Jonnell C.511,Sanders Kate L.118,Santos-Barrera Georgina119,Schipper Jan120,Self-Sullivan Caryn121122,Shi Yichuan3,Shoemaker Alan123,Short Frederick T.124,Sillero-Zubiri Claudio125,Silvano Débora L.126,Smith Kevin G.3,Smith Andrew T.127,Snoeks Jos128129,Stattersfield Alison J.10,Symes Andrew J.10,Taber Andrew B.130,Talukdar Bibhab K.131,Temple Helen J.132,Timmins Rob133,Tobias Joseph A.134,Tsytsulina Katerina135,Tweddle Denis136,Ubeda Carmen137,Valenti Sarah V.60,Paul van Dijk Peter2,Veiga Liza M.138139,Veloso Alberto140,Wege David C.10,Wilkinson Mark64,Williamson Elizabeth A.141,Xie Feng142,Young Bruce E.7,Akçakaya H. Resit143,Bennun Leon10,Blackburn Tim M.6,Boitani Luigi46,Dublin Holly T.144145,da Fonseca Gustavo A. B.146147,Gascon Claude2,Lacher Thomas E.18,Mace Georgina M.148,Mainka Susan A.149,McNeely Jeffery A.149,Mittermeier Russell A.2149,Reid Gordon McGregor150,Rodriguez Jon Paul151,Rosenberg Andrew A.2,Samways Michael J.152,Smart Jane149,Stein Bruce A.153,Stuart Simon N.12154155

Affiliation:

1. IUCN SSC Species Survival Commission, c/o United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.

2. Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.

3. Species Programme, IUCN, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.

4. IUCN–CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o P.O. Box 19004, 360 A Bloor Street W., Toronto, Ontario M5S 1X1, Canada.

5. Species Programme, IUCN, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196, Gland, Switzerland.

6. Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.

7. NatureServe, 1101 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, VA 22209, USA.

8. World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.

9. School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.

10. BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK.

11. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.

12. IUCN–CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, c/o 130 Weatherall Road, Cheltenham 3192, Victoria, Australia.

13. IUCN–CI Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive Ste 500, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.

14. IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.

15. National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India.

16. Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS UMR5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.

17. IADIZA-CONICET, CCT-Mendoza, CC 507, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.

18. Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

19. Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Perth, Western Australia 6986, Australia.

20. CNR–Institute for Ecosystem Studies, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Rome, Italy.

21. Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg, Universitetskaya nab.1, Russia.

22. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Via G. Giolitti, 36, I-10123 Torino, Italy.

23. Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, P.O. Box 20, Mosman 2088, Sydney, Australia.

24. Martin Barrios 2230 c/ Pizarro; Barrio Republicano, Asunción, Paraguay.

25. Zoological Society of London, Regent’s Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.

26. Unidad de Investigación Ecología Terrestre, Centro Nacional Patagónico–CONICET, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina.

27. Patagonian and Andean Steppe Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina.

28. Centre for Biodiversity & Restoration Ecology, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand.

29. Systematics Lab, School of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India.

30. Center for Biodiversity and Biosecurity Studies, Pacific Institute for Sustainable Development, Jalan Bumi Nyiur 101, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

31. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.

32. P.O. Box 47074, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.

33. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica.

34. Sección de Zoología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13, No. 100-00, Cali, Colombia.

35. Earthwatch Institute, 256 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7DE, UK.

36. Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, Scotland, UK.

37. 47B Lewisham Hill, London SE13 7PL, UK.

38. Laboratorio de Herpetologia, Universidad del Valle, Carrera 51, No. 8H-15, Cali, Colombia.

39. WWF Italy–Species Office, Via Po 25/c 00198 Rome, Italy.

40. British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK.

41. Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.

42. Bio-Amazonia Conservation International, 1295 William Street, Baltimore, MD 21230, USA.

43. Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Depto Ciências Pesqueiras, Manaus, AM 60700, Brazil.

44. National Museum of Marine Biology and aquarium, 2 Houwan Road, Checheng, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, R.O.C.

45. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK.

46. Department of Animal and Human Biology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell’Università 32, 00185 Roma, Italy.

47. Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Goerlitz, PF 300 154, 02806 Goerlitz, Germany.

48. National Marine Fisheries Service Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-0153, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA.

49. Av. Busch, Edificio Girasoles 2, Piso 5, Depto 7, La Paz, Bolivia.

50. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USA.

51. Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI 49855, USA.

52. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.

53. Herpetology Section, Zoology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Avenue, Ermita 1000, Manila, Philippines.

54. South African National Biodiversity Institute, KRC, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa.

55. P.O. Box 5573, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

56. c/o Birds Australia, 60 Leicester Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.

57. North Orissa University, Sriram Chandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada 757003, Dist: Mayurbhanj, Orissa, India.

58. IUCN SSC African Rhino Specialist Group, Box 1212, Hilton 3245, South Africa.

59. Herbarium, Library, Art & Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK.

60. NatureBureau, 36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge Road, Newbury RG14 5SJ, UK.

61. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Müggelseedamm 310, 12587 Berlin, Germany.

62. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA.

63. Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles, 133 Cherry Hinton Road, Cambridge CB1 7BX, UK.

64. Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.

65. San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.

66. NatureServe, 746 Middlepoint Road, Port Townsend, WA 98368, USA.

67. Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.

68. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605, USA.

69. Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

70. Environmental Futures Centre, School of Environment, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.

71. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Glos GL2 7BT, UK.

72. Wildlife Institute of India, Post Box #18, Dehra Dun, 248001 Uttarakhand, India.

73. Calle Arica 371, Dpto U-2, Miraflores, Lima 18, Perú.

74. School of Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University, Zempukuji 2-6-1, Suginami-ku, Tokyo 167-8585, Japan.

75. School of Life Sciences and Technologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 10, Jalan Ganesa, Bandung 40132, Indonesia.

76. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK.

77. School of the Environment and Natural Resources, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK.

78. Madagasikara Voakajy, B.P. 5181, Antananarivo (101), Madagascar.

79. Iwate Prefectural University, Sugo 152-52, Takizawa, Iwate 020-0193, Japan.

80. Route de la Baroche 12, 2952 Cornol, Switzerland.

81. Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, 6 Science Drive 2, #03-01, 117546, Singapore.

82. Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.

83. Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia.

84. Laboratorio de Biogeografía, Escuela de Geografía, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.

85. IUCN Species Programme, c/o 406 Randolph Hill Road, Randolph, NH 03593, USA.

86. Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR.

87. Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo–CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000 SM de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.

88. Conservation Breeding Specialist Group–European Regional Office, p/a Annuntiatenstraat 6, 2170 Merksem, Belgium.

89. Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.

90. Instituto Nacional de Antropologia y Pensamiento Latinoamericano, 3 de Febrero 1378, 1426 Buenos Aires, Argentina.

91. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.

92. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.

93. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.

94. Department of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.

95. World Pheasant Association, Newcastle University Biology Field Station, Close House Estate, Heddon on the Wall, Newcastle upon Tyne NE15 0HT, UK.

96. 115 Suez Road, Cambridge CB1 3QD, UK.

97. Wildlife Trust Alliance, Box 2031, Arusha, Tanzania.

98. Zoo Outreach Organisation, 9A Lal Bahadur Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India.

99. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Apartado postal 63, Carretera Panamericana y Periférico sur s/n Col. María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, México.

100. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA.

101. CAT, P.O. Box 332, Cape Neddick, ME 03902, USA.

102. Division of Reptiles and Amphibians, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

103. Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.

104. Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

105. Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad Universitaria, México.

106. Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 3333 North Torrey Pines Court, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

107. International Sturgeon Research Institute, P.O. Box 41635-3464, Rasht, Iran.

108. Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter in Cornwall, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.

109. Department of Ornithology and Mammalogy, California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco), c/o P.O. Box 202, Cambria, CA 93428, USA.

110. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, MRC 111, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA.

111. Chelonian Research Foundation, 168 Goodrich Street, Lunenburg, MA 01462, USA.

112. Herpetology Department, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.

113. Rapid Assessment Program, Conservation International, P.O. Box 1024, Atherton, Queensland 4883, Australia.

114. German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH, Pasaje Bernardo Alcedo N° 150, piso 4, El Olivar, San Isidro, Lima 27, Perú.

115. Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre y Veintimilla, Quito, Ecuador.

116. School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong SAR.

117. Society for the Conservation of Reef Fish Aggregations, 9888 Caroll Centre Road, Suite 102, San Diego, CA 92126, USA.

118. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Darling Building, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, Australia.

119. Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N, 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, México.

120. Big Island Invasive Species Committee, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai’i, 23 East Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA.

121. Sirenian International, 200 Stonewall Drive, Fredericksburg, VA 22401, USA.

122. Department of Biology, P.O. Box 8042, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.

123. IUCN SSC Tapir Specialist Group, 330 Shareditch Road, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.

124. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824, USA.

125. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney OX13 5QL, UK.

126. Laboratório de Zoologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I-Q.S. 07 Lote 01 EPCT-Taguatinga-DF, 71966-700, Brazil.

127. School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.

128. Royal Museum for Central Africa, Ichthyology, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium.

129. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.

130. Center for International Forestry Research, Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat 16115, Indonesia.

131. Aaranyak and International Rhino Foundation, 50 Samanwoy Path (Survey), Post Office Beltola, Guwahati-781 028, Assam, India.

132. The Biodiversity Consultancy Ltd., 4 Woodend, Trumpington, Cambridge CB2 9LJ, UK.

133. 2313 Willard Avenue, Madison, WI 53704, USA.

134. Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK.

135. Vertebrate Research Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Environmental Research Complex, Gyoungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, South Korea.

136. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, P/Bag 1015, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.

137. Departamento de Zoologia, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Bariloche, Argentina.

138. Emilio Goeldi Museum, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Belém, Pará 66017-970, Brazil.

139. Federal University of Pará, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Belém, Pará 66075-110, Brazil.

140. Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 6553, Santiago, Chile.

141. Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK.

142. Chengdu Institute of Biology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.

143. Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.

144. IUCN SSC, African Elephant Specialist Group, c/o IUCN ESARO, P.O. Box 68200, Nairobi 00200, Kenya.

145. Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.

146. Global Environment Facility, 1818 H Street NW, G 6-602, Washington, DC 20433, USA.

147. Department of Zoology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

148. Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks SL5 7PY, UK.

149. IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland.

150. North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Upton-by-Chester, Chester CH2 1LH, UK.

151. Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela, and Provita, Apartado 47552, Caracas 1041-A, Venezuela.

152. Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, P/Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.

153. National Wildlife Federation, 901 E Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20004, USA.

154. Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.

155. Al Ain Wildlife Park & Resort, P.O. Box 45553, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

Abstract

Assessing Biodiversity Declines Understanding human impact on biodiversity depends on sound quantitative projection. Pereira et al. (p. 1496 , published online 26 October) review quantitative scenarios that have been developed for four main areas of concern: species extinctions, species abundances and community structure, habitat loss and degradation, and shifts in the distribution of species and biomes. Declines in biodiversity are projected for the whole of the 21st century in all scenarios, but with a wide range of variation. Hoffmann et al. (p. 1503 , published online 26 October) draw on the results of five decades' worth of data collection, managed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission. A comprehensive synthesis of the conservation status of the world's vertebrates, based on an analysis of 25,780 species (approximately half of total vertebrate diversity), is presented: Approximately 20% of all vertebrate species are at risk of extinction in the wild, and 11% of threatened birds and 17% of threatened mammals have moved closer to extinction over time. Despite these trends, overall declines would have been significantly worse in the absence of conservation actions.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference41 articles.

1. Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines

2. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity Global Biodiversity Outlook 3 (Convention on Biological Diversity Montréal 2010).

3. The Future of Biodiversity

4. TEEB The Economics and Ecosystems of Biodiversity: An Interim Report (European Communities Cambridge 2008).

5. UNEP Report of the Sixth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (UNEP/CBD/COP/20/Part 2) Strategic Plan Decision VI/26 in CBD (UNEP Nairobi 2002); www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/cop/cop-06/official/cop-06-20-en.pdf.
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