Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia-Reference-Cited by-同舟云学术

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

Published:2022-08-26 Issue:6609 Volume:377 Page:982-987
ISSN:0036-8075
Container-title:Science
language:en
Short-container-title:Science

Author:

Lazaridis Iosif¹²^ORCID,Alpaslan-Roodenberg Songül²³^ORCID,Acar Ayşe⁴^ORCID,Açıkkol Ayşen⁵^ORCID,Agelarakis Anagnostis⁶,Aghikyan Levon⁷^ORCID,Akyüz Uğur⁸,Andreeva Desislava⁹^ORCID,Andrijašević Gojko¹⁰^ORCID,Antonović Dragana¹¹^ORCID,Armit Ian¹²^ORCID,Atmaca Alper¹³,Avetisyan Pavel⁷^ORCID,Aytek Ahmet İhsan¹⁴^ORCID,Bacvarov Krum¹⁵,Badalyan Ruben⁷^ORCID,Bakardzhiev Stefan¹⁶,Balen Jacqueline¹⁷^ORCID,Bejko Lorenc¹⁸^ORCID,Bernardos Rebecca²^ORCID,Bertsatos Andreas¹⁹^ORCID,Biber Hanifi²⁰^ORCID,Bilir Ahmet²¹^ORCID,Bodružić Mario²²^ORCID,Bonogofsky Michelle²³,Bonsall Clive²⁴^ORCID,Borić Dušan²⁵^ORCID,Borovinić Nikola²⁶^ORCID,Bravo Morante Guillermo³,Buttinger Katharina³,Callan Kim²²⁷^ORCID,Candilio Francesca²⁸^ORCID,Carić Mario²⁹^ORCID,Cheronet Olivia³^ORCID,Chohadzhiev Stefan³⁰,Chovalopoulou Maria-Eleni¹⁹^ORCID,Chryssoulaki Stella³¹,Ciobanu Ion³²³³^ORCID,Čondić Natalija³⁴,Constantinescu Mihai³⁵^ORCID,Cristiani Emanuela³⁶^ORCID,Culleton Brendan J.³⁷^ORCID,Curtis Elizabeth²²⁷^ORCID,Davis Jack³⁸,Demcenco Tatiana I.³⁹,Dergachev Valentin⁴⁰^ORCID,Derin Zafer⁴¹^ORCID,Deskaj Sylvia⁴²,Devejyan Seda⁷,Djordjević Vojislav⁴³,Duffett Carlson Kellie Sara³^ORCID,Eccles Laurie R.⁴⁴,Elenski Nedko⁴⁵,Engin Atilla⁴⁶^ORCID,Erdoğan Nihat⁴⁷,Erir-Pazarcı Sabiha⁴⁸^ORCID,Fernandes Daniel M.³⁴⁹^ORCID,Ferry Matthew²²⁷^ORCID,Freilich Suzanne³^ORCID,Frînculeasa Alin⁵⁰^ORCID,Galaty Michael L.⁴²^ORCID,Gamarra Beatriz⁵¹⁵²⁵³^ORCID,Gasparyan Boris⁷,Gaydarska Bisserka⁵⁴^ORCID,Genç Elif⁵⁵^ORCID,Gültekin Timur⁵⁶^ORCID,Gündüz Serkan⁵⁷^ORCID,Hajdu Tamás⁵⁸^ORCID,Heyd Volker⁵⁹,Hobosyan Suren⁷,Hovhannisyan Nelli⁶⁰^ORCID,Iliev Iliya¹⁶^ORCID,Iliev Lora²²⁷,Iliev Stanislav⁶¹,İvgin İlkay⁶²^ORCID,Janković Ivor²⁹^ORCID,Jovanova Lence⁶³,Karkanas Panagiotis⁶⁴^ORCID,Kavaz-Kındığılı Berna⁶⁵^ORCID,Kaya Esra Hilal⁶⁶^ORCID,Keating Denise³^ORCID,Kennett Douglas J.³⁷⁶⁷^ORCID,Deniz Kesici Seda⁶⁸^ORCID,Khudaverdyan Anahit⁷^ORCID,Kiss Krisztián⁵⁸⁶⁹^ORCID,Kılıç Sinan²⁰^ORCID,Klostermann Paul⁷⁰^ORCID,Kostak Boca Negra Valdes Sinem⁶⁸^ORCID,Kovačević Saša⁷¹^ORCID,Krenz-Niedbała Marta⁷²^ORCID,Krznarić Škrivanko Maja⁷³^ORCID,Kurti Rovena⁷⁴,Kuzman Pasko⁷⁵^ORCID,Lawson Ann Marie²²⁷^ORCID,Lazar Catalin⁷⁶^ORCID,Leshtakov Krassimir⁷⁷,Levy Thomas E.⁷⁸^ORCID,Liritzis Ioannis⁷⁹⁸⁰^ORCID,Lorentz Kirsi O.⁸¹,Łukasik Sylwia⁷²^ORCID,Mah Matthew²²⁷⁸²^ORCID,Mallick Swapan²²⁷,Mandl Kirsten³^ORCID,Martirosyan-Olshansky Kristine⁸³^ORCID,Matthews Roger⁸⁴^ORCID,Matthews Wendy⁸⁴^ORCID,McSweeney Kathleen²⁴^ORCID,Melikyan Varduhi⁷,Micco Adam²^ORCID,Michel Megan¹²²⁷^ORCID,Milašinović Lidija⁸⁵,Mittnik Alissa¹²⁸⁶^ORCID,Monge Janet M.⁸⁷^ORCID,Nekhrizov Georgi¹⁵^ORCID,Nicholls Rebecca⁸⁸,Nikitin Alexey G.⁸⁹^ORCID,Nikolov Vassil¹⁵,Novak Mario²⁹^ORCID,Olalde Iñigo²⁹⁰^ORCID,Oppenheimer Jonas²²⁷^ORCID,Osterholtz Anna⁹¹^ORCID,Özdemir Celal¹³,Özdoğan Kadir Toykan³,Öztürk Nurettin⁶⁵,Papadimitriou Nikos⁹²^ORCID,Papakonstantinou Niki⁹³^ORCID,Papathanasiou Anastasia⁹⁴,Paraman Lujana⁹⁵^ORCID,Paskary Evgeny G.⁹⁶,Patterson Nick¹⁸²^ORCID,Petrakiev Ilian⁴⁵,Petrosyan Levon⁷,Petrova Vanya⁷⁷^ORCID,Philippa-Touchais Anna⁹⁷,Piliposyan Ashot⁹⁸^ORCID,Pocuca Kuzman Nada⁷⁵^ORCID,Potrebica Hrvoje⁹⁹^ORCID,Preda-Bălănică Bianca⁵⁹^ORCID,Premužić Zrinka¹⁰⁰,Price T. Douglas¹⁰¹^ORCID,Qiu Lijun²²⁷^ORCID,Radović Siniša¹⁰²^ORCID,Raeuf Aziz Kamal¹⁰³,Rajić Šikanjić Petra²⁹^ORCID,Rasheed Raheem Kamal¹⁰³,Razumov Sergei¹⁰⁴^ORCID,Richardson Amy⁸⁴^ORCID,Roodenberg Jacob¹⁰⁵,Ruka Rudenc⁷⁴,Russeva Victoria¹⁰⁶^ORCID,Şahin Mustafa⁵⁷^ORCID,Şarbak Ayşegül¹⁰⁷^ORCID,Savaş Emre⁶⁸^ORCID,Schattke Constanze³,Schepartz Lynne¹⁰⁸^ORCID,Selçuk Tayfun⁶⁸^ORCID,Sevim-Erol Ayla¹⁰⁹^ORCID,Shamoon-Pour Michel¹¹⁰^ORCID,Shephard Henry M.¹¹¹^ORCID,Sideris Athanasios¹¹²^ORCID,Simalcsik Angela³²¹¹³^ORCID,Simonyan Hakob¹¹⁴,Sinika Vitalij¹⁰⁴^ORCID,Sirak Kendra²^ORCID,Sirbu Ghenadie¹¹⁵^ORCID,Šlaus Mario¹¹⁶^ORCID,Soficaru Andrei³⁵^ORCID,Söğüt Bilal¹¹⁷^ORCID,Sołtysiak Arkadiusz¹¹⁸^ORCID,Sönmez-Sözer Çilem¹⁰⁹^ORCID,Stathi Maria¹¹⁹^ORCID,Steskal Martin¹²⁰^ORCID,Stewardson Kristin²²⁷,Stocker Sharon³⁸,Suata-Alpaslan Fadime¹²¹^ORCID,Suvorov Alexander⁵⁹,Szécsényi-Nagy Anna¹²²^ORCID,Szeniczey Tamás⁵⁸^ORCID,Telnov Nikolai¹⁰⁴^ORCID,Temov Strahil¹²³^ORCID,Todorova Nadezhda⁷⁷^ORCID,Tota Ulsi⁷⁴¹²⁴,Touchais Gilles¹²⁵^ORCID,Triantaphyllou Sevi⁹³^ORCID,Türker Atila¹²⁶^ORCID,Ugarković Marina⁷¹^ORCID,Valchev Todor¹⁶,Veljanovska Fanica¹²³,Videvski Zlatko¹²³,Virag Cristian¹²⁷^ORCID,Wagner Anna³^ORCID,Walsh Sam¹²⁸^ORCID,Włodarczak Piotr¹²⁹^ORCID,Workman J. Noah²^ORCID,Yardumian Aram¹³⁰¹³¹,Yarovoy Evgenii¹³²,Yavuz Alper Yener¹³³^ORCID,Yılmaz Hakan²⁰^ORCID,Zalzala Fatma²²⁷^ORCID,Zettl Anna³^ORCID,Zhang Zhao²^ORCID,Çavuşoğlu Rafet²⁰^ORCID,Rohland Nadin²,Pinhasi Ron³¹³⁴^ORCID,Reich David¹²²⁷⁸²^ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

2. Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

3. Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

4. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47510 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.

5. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.

6. Department of History, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.

7. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.

8. Samsun Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, Kale Mahallesi, Merkez, İlkadım, 55030 Samsun, Turkey.

9. Iskra Museum of History, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria.

10. Historical Musem in Kotor, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.

11. Institute of Archaeology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.

12. Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK.

13. Amasya Archaeology Museum, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Caddesi, 05000 Amasya, Turkey.

14. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.

15. National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.

16. Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria.

17. Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

18. Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Tirana, 1010 Tirana, Albania.

19. Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece.

20. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey.

21. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey.

22. Stratum Ltd., 21218 Seget Donji, Croatia.

23. Independent Researcher, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.

24. School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.

25. The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.

26. Center for Conservation and Archaeology of Montenegro, 81250 Cetinje, Montenegro.

27. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

28. Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Rome, Italy.

29. Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

30. Department of Archaeology, University of Veliko Tarnovo “St. Cyril and St. Methodius,” 5003 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.

31. Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Piraeus and the Islands, 10682 Piraeus, Greece.

32. “Orheiul Vechi” Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, 3552 Butuceni, Moldova.

33. National Archaeological Agency, 2012 Chișinău, Moldova.

34. Archaeological Museum in Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia.

35. “Francisc I. Rainer” Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania.

36. Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.

37. Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

38. Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.

39. Independent Researcher, Aberystwyth SY23 4UH, UK.

40. Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2001 Chișinău, Moldova.

41. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.

42. Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

43. Narodni muzej Pančcevo, 26101 Pančevo, Serbia.

44. Human Paleoecology and Isotope Geochemistry Lab, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

45. Regional Museum of History – Veliko Tarnovo, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.

46. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.

47. Mardin Archaeological Museum, Şar, Cumhuriyet Meydanı üstü, 47100 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.

48. Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.

49. Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.

50. Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, 100042 Ploiești, Romania.

51. Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.

52. Departament d’Història i Història de l’Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain.

53. School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.

54. Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.

55. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Çukurova University, 01330 Balçalı-Sarıçam-Adana, Turkey.

56. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.

57. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey.

58. Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary.

59. Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.

60. Department of Ecology and Nature Protection, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.

61. Regional Museum of History, 6300 Haskovo, Bulgaria.

62. Ministry of Culture and Tourism, İsmet İnönü Bulvarı, 06100 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.

63. Museum of the City of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.

64. Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece.

65. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Atatürk University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey.

66. Muğla Archaeological Museum and Yatağan Thermal Power Generation Company, Rescue Excavations, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.

67. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

68. Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey.

69. Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.

70. Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria.

71. Institute of Archaeology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

72. Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.

73. Municipal Museum Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia.

74. Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania.

75. National Museum in Ohrid, 6000 Ohrid, North Macedonia.

76. ArchaeoSciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.

77. Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.

78. Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

79. Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development and the Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Laboratory of Yellow River Cultural Heritage, Henan University, 475001 Kaifeng, China.

80. European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.

81. Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.

82. Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

83. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

84. Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK.

85. National Museum of Kikinda, 23300 Kikinda, Serbia.

86. Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

87. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

88. School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.

89. Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.

90. BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

91. Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.

92. Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum, 105-55 Athens, Greece.

93. Faculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

94. Ephorate of Paleoantropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 11636 Athens, Greece.

95. Trogir Town Museum, 21220 Trogir, Croatia.

96. Moldovan Historic - Geographical Society, 2044 Chișinău, Moldova.

97. French School of Archaeology at Athens, 10680 Athens, Greece.

98. Department of Armenian History, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Khachatur Abovyan, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.

99. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

100. Independent Researcher, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

101. Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

102. Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

103. Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.

104. Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova.

105. The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 2311 Leiden, Netherlands.

106. Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Archeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.

107. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Hitit University, 19040 Çorum, Turkey.

108. School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.

109. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Language and History - Geography, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey

110. Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.

111. Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA 02108, USA.

112. Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 11636 Prague, Czechia.

113. “Olga Necrasov” Centre of Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy Iași Branch, 2012 Iaşi Romania.

114. Scientific Research Center of the Historical and Cultural Heritage, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.

115. Thracology Scientific Research Laboratory of the State University of Moldova, Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2009 Chișinău, Moldova.

116. Anthropological Center of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

117. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey.

118. Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland.

119. Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica, Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece.

120. Austrian Archaeological Institute at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.

121. Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.

122. Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1097 Budapest, Hungary.

123. Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.

124. Culture and Patrimony Department, University of Avignon, 84029 Avignon, France.

125. Department of the History of Art and Archaeology, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 75006 Paris, France.

126. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Atakum-Samsun, Turkey.

127. Satu Mare County Museum, 440031 Satu Mare, Romania.

128. School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.

129. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Kraków, Poland.

130. Department of History and Social Sciences, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, PA 19009, USA.

131. Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

132. History of the Ancient World and Middle Ages Department, Moscow Region State University, Moscow Region, 141014 Mytishi, Russia.

133. Department of Anthropology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Istiklal Campus, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.

134. Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

Abstract

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Subject

Multidisciplinary

Reference31 articles.

1. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East

2. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians

3. Early Neolithic genomes from the eastern Fertile Crescent

4. Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans

5. The Demographic Development of the First Farmers in Anatolia

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