Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries

Author:

Greenwood Esther E.12ORCID,Lauber Thomas1ORCID,van den Hoogen Johan1ORCID,Donmez Ayca3ORCID,Bain Robert E. S.34ORCID,Johnston Richard5ORCID,Crowther Thomas W.1ORCID,Julian Timothy R.267ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.

2. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

3. Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, NY, USA.

4. Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa, United Nations Children’s Fund, Amman, Jordan.

5. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

6. Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwill, Switzerland.

7. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Abstract

Safe drinking water access is a human right, but data on safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) is lacking for more than half of the global population. We estimate SMDWS use in 135 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at subnational levels with a geospatial modeling approach, combining existing household survey data with available global geospatial datasets. We estimate that only one in three people used SMDWS in LMICs in 2020 and identified fecal contamination as the primary limiting factor affecting almost half of the population of LMICs. Our results are relevant for raising awareness about the challenges and limitations of current global monitoring approaches and demonstrating how globally available geospatial data can be leveraged to fill data gaps and identify priority areas in LMICs.

Publisher

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Reference81 articles.

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2. WHO UNICEF “Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation drinking-water and hygiene: UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water” (GLAAS 2021); https://www.unwater.org/publications/un-water-glaas-2022-strong-systems-and-sound-investments-evidence-and-key-insights/

3. WHO UNICEF “JMP Methodology 2017 update and SDG baselines” (Technical document 2018).

4. WHO UNICEF “Progress on household drinking water sanitation and hygiene 2000-2022: Special focus on gender” (WHO 2023); https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/progress-on-household-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-2000-2022-special-focus-on-gender/

5. Development of the Community Water Model (CWatM v1.04) – a high-resolution hydrological model for global and regional assessment of integrated water resources management

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