Documentation of phytochemicals, bio-toxicity and haemato-physiological responses at sub-lethal concentrations of Parthenium hysterophorus hydroethanolic extract in Cyprinus carpio: a concept of waste valorization as a phyto-ichthyotoxin

Abstract

Abstract In the present study, phytoextraction was performed through aqueous, alcoholic and hydroethanolic (80%) solvents followed by phytochemical profiling and evaluation of median lethal concentration (LC50) of hydroethanolic extract in Common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The haemato-immunological and biochemical response was evaluated at sub-lethal concentrations (T1: 0.395 mg l-1 and T2: 0.79 mg l-1 and control: devoid of extract) at three intervals (24, 48 and 96 h). The study revealed the presence of toxic constituents in extracts namely saponin, rotenone, tannin and alkaloid. Moreover, phytochemical typing exhibited the superior ability of hydroethanolic solvent and the extract was chosen for further biological activities. The anti-bacterial assay revealed the inhibitory capacity, whereas, phyto-haemagglutination revealed clumping of blood cells due to parthenium extract exposure. The haemagglutination limit test revealed the minimum concentration of extract causes agglutination was 1/96 and the haemolytic activity result exhibited clear lysis of fish RBCs. LC50 of parthenium was found to be 18.99 mg l-1. The study revealed that significant (p < 0.05) reduction in haemato-immunological indices alongside serum biochemical parameters. The results presented in the study emphasise locally available weed plant gajar ghas, P. hysterophorus as a non-chemical phyto-ichthyotoxin.