Abstract
Exploring the spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of ecosystem services (ESs) helps managers develop scientifically based ecological conservation and restoration strategies, thereby promoting regional sustainable development. Sen’s trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall significance test are used to show spatiotemporal evolution patterns of ESs in the Luo River basin from 1999 to 2020. The spatial characteristics of various ESs combinations were analyzed based on the Composite Ecosystem Service Index (CESI) and ecosystem service bundles. Geodetector and multi-scale geographically weighted regression methods were used to identify the dominant influencing factors and spatial responses of ESs and the CESI. According to the findings:(1) the distribution of ESs follows a pattern of "low in the northeast, high in the southwest," which is com-parable to the distribution of forest. Water yield(WY), carbon storage(CS), and soil retention(SR) retention generally exhibited an increasing trend at both the annual and spatial scales, whereas habitat quality showed a declining trend. The CESI showed relatively small variation over the time series. Spatially, the index was higher in the upstream than in the downstream regions. Strong provisioning capacities were found for both the comprehensive ecological bundle and key synergy bundle. (2)The impact of natural and climatic factors on ESs exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity. Rainfall positively influenced water yield and the CESI. The normalized difference vegetation index exhibited a “negative in the west, positive in the east” influence pattern on CS. Slope showed a significant positive effect on SR and HQ. (3)The Luo River basin could be split into two primary and four secondary zones based on the principles of spatial clustering of ESs characteristics and driving factors. Based on the characteristics of each zone, reasonable zoning and management recommendations are made in order to provide scientific support for the preservation of the environment and sustainable development.