Prevalence of Metal Contaminants In Rice And Their Potential Health Risks to The Bahamian Population – A Preliminary Study

Abstract

Abstract Rice is among the most important staple foods worldwide. However, the consumption of rice and rice products poses a potential health risk since rice can hyperaccumulate arsenic (As) and other heavy metals in their grains. In The Bahamas, although rice is heavily consumed, it is not grown locally. Instead, all the consumed rice and its derived products are imported. Recent food surveys in the major rice exporting countries have shown that a significant portion of their market rice products is contaminated with As. However, to date, the prevalence of As in the rice foods available in The Bahamas remains unknown. Therefore, in this study we surveyed the occurrence of As in a selection of rice and rice products that were on sale in the Bahamian market. A total of 21 different rice brands collected. The concentration of As and the potential health risk were estimated by target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR). Our results showed that only 2% of the samples had an estimated inorganic arsenic (iAs) concentration above the World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits (200 µg/kg) - which is based on global average consumption. However, when we factor for average rice consumption in The Bahamas (486.5 g), 79% of the rice samples had iAs concentration values indicative of carcinogenic risks and 57% had iAs concentration values that suggested non-carcinogen health risks. Based on our results, we recommend urgent follow up studies to further test rice varieties that show the greatest LCR and HI values and to also broaden the study to include more off-brand/generic varieties, cooked rice as well as drinking water.