Analysis the relationship of refractory gout between potential biomarkers and diet structure and lifestyle based on 1 H-NMR

Abstract

Abstract Objective: We investigated the different between diet structure and life and exercise patterns of 100 patients with refractory gout and 79 healthy volunteers; of these, we selected 39 patients and 20 healthy volunteers for serum 1H-NMR metabolic network detection. We determined the potential biomarkers of refractory gout and attempted to explore the relation between potential biomarkers and diet structure and exercise patterns. Methods: The present study employed a questionnaire survey to analyze 100 cases of refractory gout patients and 79 healthy volunteers with respect to their diet structure and the lifestyle. Accordingly, we used 1H-NMR metabolic technology to analyze the metabolites present in the serum samples obtained from 39 patients of refractory gout (group B) and 20 healthy subjects (group A). NMR results were further combined with pattern recognition and multivariate statistics, and potential biomarkers were searched. The results were further combined with creatinine, adiponectin, and so on the correlation between the above results were analyzed. Results: Our results revealed that patients with gout tended to be obese, and there were differences in their lifestyle with exercise, sleep, and smoking, as well as in their preference for fructose drinks, alcohol, and total and structural distribution of meat, milk, eggs, and so on when compared with the healthy volunteers. Importantly, we found the adiponectin in the gout group was lower as compared to the healthy group. Further, metabolomics in combination with KEGG analysis revealed that the biosynthesis of aminoacyl tRNA, biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, metabolism of alanine, aspartic, and glutamate, metabolism of glycine, serine, and threonine, phenylalanine, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, ketone body synthesis and degradation, metabolism of D‐glutamine, citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), triglyceride metabolism, and others could be used as specific biomarkers of this disease. Conclusion: Recurrent refractory gout and formation of tophus may be related to the diet structure and lifestyle between the patients and the healthy people, and their abnormal metabolic network may be related to the disorder of mitochondrial energy metabolism, which further results in abnormal metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, and deposition of uric acid in joints, peripheral connective tissue, and kidney, inducing an inflammatory response.