Assessment of Bacterial diversity in the chicken litter: A potent risk to environmental health

Abstract

Abstract Raw chicken litters have been applied to field soils where various vegetables are cropped for increasing the yield or productivity. Antibiotics are regularly mixed in the diet or drinking water of chicken grown in the marketable poultry farms for the treating bacterial diseases. Rampant usage of antimicrobials is also resulted in the survival of resistant bacteria in animal excreta, enabling antimicrobial-resistance genes (ARGs) transmission to other microorganisms together with human pathogens. Recently, it has been seen that incorporation of ARGs in vegetables/crops grown in raw manure-amended soil might be due to variations in soil microbial commensals following manure application. An abundances of ARGs like; sul1, aad(A), erm(B), str(A), str(B), intI1 and incW have been traced in manure-mixed soil in many studies compared to unmanured soil leading environmental contamination. Herein, we surveyed multiple investigations to determine how chicken manure affected microbial diversity, the retention of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in soil after manure application, and the transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. Composting can drastically lower enteric bacterial populations, particularly those that carry ARGs. Prior to being applied to the ground, manures can possibly be treated to lessen the danger of polluting crops or water supplies by reducing the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. ARGs appear to be a major source of worry in poultry, suggesting that these genes have been widely disseminated in the atmosphere by the industry.