Abstract
To achieve the aims of the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2030 Global Biodiversity Framework, marine legislation and management requires the use of cost- and time- effective monitoring of indicator species. Marine observation platforms, which are increasing in popularity globally, are used for such monitoring activities. These platforms allow data to be collected from a variety of sensors simultaneously, providing the opportunity for adapting where and when sampling is performed based on real-time observational data. While some recent monitoring activities are following an adaptive sampling approach, most still employ a more opportunistic method. In this study, we applied an adaptive sampling approach to detect calanoid copepods at seasonally contrasting time points using real-time acoustic sensor data, traditional plankton net sampling, and eDNA metabarcoding. We demonstrate that there are ways to move from sampling opportunistically to a more adaptive sampling approach for more cost- and time- effective monitoring of indicators.